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“ The same y e a r ” (Blair, and Plumb, cosm. ii.), t e le s c o p e s invented in Holland. Three instruments
offered to the government “ Oct. 2d ” by Hans Lippershey; and on the “ 17th,” a similar offer
by Jacob Adriansz called Metius, who claimed to have made such instruments for “ two years.’
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Clusius continuing his botanical investigations, describing
h i r c u l u s II. — Pie died “ in 1609,” and his Cur. post, were published “ in 1611.” *
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Schwenckleld writing his Cat. plant. Hirschb., enumerating T u s s i l a g o
s p u r i a , T . n i v e a .
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng. gesch. ii. 91), J. Robin and Petr. Vallet publishing their Jardin du
Henri IV., enumerating H a e m a n t h u s m u lH f l o r u s .
“ 1609 A. D.” (San-kokf transl. Klapr.), Sio-nei (Chang-ning) “ twentieth” Loo Choo king OT the
Tame-tomo dynasty, taken pri.soner by the prince of Satsouma and carried to Japan. — After “ four
years,” he was released and returned to his own country : the Loo Choo kings have since continued
vassals of Japan.
“ May 15th ” (Major introd. Strach. p. x!.), sailing of nine vessels with five hundred emigrants
for the new colony in the Chesapeake. The ship containing the -three officers, Sir Thomas Gates
lieutenant governor, Sir George Sumers admiral, and Christopher Newport vice admiral, became
separated “ July 28th” (Strach. 42), and was wrecked on Bermuda: where they occupied themselves
“ in forming a settlement” and building “ two small vessels.” In the mean time, the seat of Sumers
in parliament was declared vacant, on account of his accepting a colonial office : apparently the first
notice of Virginia by the English parliament (Holmes). The remaining vessels, with the exception
of one ketch that was lost, reached James Town “ Aug. i i th .”
“ May 19th N. S . ” (Juet, and Asher edit. Huds. 46), Hudson off North Cape on his Third voyage
“ observed the sunne having a slake ” (without the aid of a telescope): — in “ March, 1610 ” (Humb. cosm.
ii. and iv.), John Fabricius of East Friesland from the gradual change in position of s o l a r s p o t s inferred
rotation of the sun ; and solar spots were seen “ Dec. 8th ” by Thomas Harriot, who however did not
recognize them as belonging to the sun.
“ July i8th N. S .” (Juet, Van Meteren, and Asher edit. Huds. 6i to 149), Hudson in the Dutch
service entering a harbour in “ Nova Francia ” in “ 44° i' ” (near the Kennebec): he here cut a new
fore-mast, one of the natives speaking “ some words of F r e n c h ; ” and “ on the igth,” two French
shallops came in, bringing “ red cassockes, knives, hatchets, copper, kettles, trevits, beades, and other
trifles” to trade for furs. ' “ Aug. 3d,” in about “ 41° 56',” the shallop with five men was sent in to
sound, and landing (on the peninsula of Cape Cod) found “ goodly grapes” { V i t i s l a b r u s c a ) and
“ rose trees ” { K a h n i a l a t i f o l i a ) ; voices were heard on the following day, and a boat sent on shore
“ found them to be savages which seemed very glad of our comming,” and had “ greene tabacco
( N i c o t i a n a r u s t i c a ) . Continuing South, Hudson “ on-the i8th ” in “ 37° 26' ’' on the north side of “ the
entrance into the King’s river in Virgin ia ” (Chesapeake) “ where our English-men are ; ” and “ on the
24th ” was in “ 35° 41', being farre off at sea.” Returning, “ on the 28th ” he found the land trending
“ north-west, with a great bay and rivers ” (mouth of the Delaware) : but the bay “ shoald,” and he
turned back. “ Sept. 3d,” he entered an opening in “ 40° 30' ” (entrance to the Hudson), finding “ a
very good harbour,” abundance of “ blue plums ” ( P r u n u s m a r i t im a ) , some “ currants ” brought by
the natives “ dryed” ( V a c c i n i u m ) , and the country “ full of great and tall oakes ; ” proceeding up the
river, “ on the 22d ” he reached the “ end for shipping to goe in,” but boats went “ eight or nine
leagues ” farther, finding “ but seven foot water,” and Hudson himself landed in “ 42° 18': ” on the
“ 25th,” nine or ten leagues down the river, on “ the west s id e ” were found “ great store of goodly
oakes’ and walnut-trees” ( C a r y a ) , “ and chest-nut tre e s ” ( C a s t a n e a A m e r i c a n a ) , “ ewe tre e s ”
( A b i e s C a n a d e n s i s ) , “ and trees of sweet wood in great abundance ” ( L i q u i d a m b a r s t y r a c i f l u a ) , “ and
escape with his plunder was shot, and hostilities commenced; “ on the 2d,” at the end of “ 2-j-7+ 2 ’
leagues, “ anchored in a bay cleere from all danger of them on the other side of the river,” on that
side “ that is called Manna-hata ; ” on the “ 4th,” sailed from the inlet. “ Nov. 7th,” Hudson with a
mutinous crew, composed in great part of Englishmen, arrived at Dartmouth, and was detained by
the government. ^ , c
"“ Dec. 29th” (Riccioli, Blair, and Humb. cosm. ii.), through the invention of telescopes, the tour
satellites of Jupiter discovered by Simon Marius at Ansbach, — and “ Jan. 7th 1610,” by Galileo:
* C a s s i n e C a p e n s i s of Austral Africa. A Celastroid shrub, transported to Europe, described h y
Clusius post. 4 — (Spreng.), and Dillenius elth. pl. 236. In its wild state, observed by Burmann afr.
pl. 8s, and Thunberg prodr. 52, in Austral Africa.
affording ocular demonstration of the truth of the so-called Copernican System. From the eclipses
or occultations of these satellites, Galileo further proposed determining Longitude on the Earth’s
surface.
“ 1 6 1 0 , February” (Humb. cosm. ii. and iv.), the crescent or the moon-like phases of Venus
discovered by Galileo ; — comparison with the outer planets now hastening the general adoption of
the Copernican System. In “ November,” the planet Saturn found by Galileo to be irregular in outline,
like “ three heavenly bodies in contact with each-other.”
“ The same y e a r ” (Blair), nine hundred thousand Moors or Muslims, expelled from Spain.
“ In this y e a r ” (Starch. 42), Captain Argol, in search of the lost ship, returning from Bermuda
followed the American coast from “ 44°,” discovered another goodly bay “ in 39°,” and called its
Southern cape “ in 38-| ” Cape Lawar.
“ May 23d ” (Major edit. Strach. p. xiii), Sumers with his companions, including William Strachey,
in two small vessels from Bermuda arriving at James Town. The colony,- after the departure of Capt.
John Smith, had been reduced “ to only sixty ” persons “ in the last stage of wretchedness and famine.”
On consultation, it was decided to abandon the country, and the colonists were on their way down the
river “ June 6th ” when they were met by news of the arrival of their governor Thomas n th Lord de
Lawarre, bringing supplies. In the reorganization, Strachey was appointed secretary of the governor’s
C ou n c il:— and may have returned with the governor in the following year, was at least in England
“ in 1612” (Major p. xv).
The natives make cordage “ of their natural! hempe, and flax together” ( A p o c y n u m c a n n a b i n u m
and L i n u m V i r g i n i a n u m ) , girdles of “ silke g r a s s e ” ( E r i o p h o r u m V i r g i n i c u m ? ) ; “ in June, July,
and August they feed upon rootes of tockohow ” ( P a c h y m a c o c o s ) , “ berries, grownd nutts ” ( A p i o s
t u b e r o s a ) , “ fish, and greene wheate ” ( Z i z a n i a a q u a t i c a f ) ; have “ rattles made of small gourdes ”
( L a g e n a r i a v u l g a r i s ) - , their “ bowes are of some young plant, eyther of the locust-tree” ( R o b in i a
h i s p i d a ) “ or of weech ” ( C o r y l u s A m e r i c a n a ) - , “ the women sow and weed the corne,” cleansing it of
the “ orabauke” ( C n s o u t a a r v e n s i s ? ) , “ dodder” ( C u s c u t a G r o n o v i i ) , “ and choak w e ed ” ( P o l y g o n u m
d u m e t o r u m ? ), “ and such like, which ells would wynd about the corne and hinder the growth ; ” sow
also “ a fruit like unto a musk million, but lesse and worse, which they call macock gourds” ( C u c u r b
i t a p o l y m o r p h a ) -. they have “ cherries, much like a damoizin, but for their tast and cullour we
called them cherries ” ( P r u n u s C h i c a s a ) ; “ and a plomb there is, somewhat fairer then a cherrie, of
the same relish” ( P r u n u s A m e r i c a n a ) - , “ a berry much like our goose-berries in greatness, cullour,
and tast, which they call rawcomenes, and they doe eate them rawe or boyled” ( V a c c i n i u m s t a m i n
e u m ) - , “ many hearbs in the spring time are comonly dispersed throughout the woodes, good for
broathes and sallotte, as violetts” ( V i o l a p e d a t a ) , “ purselin” ( P o r t u l a c a o l e r á c e a ) , “ sorrell” ( R u m e x
a c e t o s e l la ) , “ and roses ” ( R o s a l u c i d a ) : they have also “ a smale roote ” which they call “ vighsacan ”
( . . . . ) , that bruised and applied “ cureth their hurts and diseases ; ” “ pellitory of Spaine ” ( P a r t h e n
i u m i n t e g r i f o l i u m ) ; “ in the low marishes grow plotts of onions conteyning an acre of ground or
more,” appearing for the most part “ in the last season of the yeare,” small, “ not past the bignes of
the toppe of one’s thumb,” eaten by ourselves but not by the natives ( A l l i u m c e r n u u m ) - , “ all the
country is overshadowed with trees,” including “ twoo or th re e ” kinds of oak, one having bark “ more
white then the other’,’ and “ somewhat sweetish” acorns, which being boiled “ affordes a sweet o y le ”
( Q u e r c u s a l b a ) ; “ there is also elme” ( U lm u s A m e r i c a n a ) “ and asli ” ( F r a x i n u s p u b e s c e n s ) , “ black
walnutt ” ( J u g l a n s n i g r a ) , “ white poplar ” ( L i r i o d e n d i o n t u l i p i f e r a ) “ and another tree like unto yt,
that yieldeth ” an “ odoriferous gumine” ( L i q u i d a m b a r s t y r a c i f l u a ) , also a small tree like the “ mirt
le ” but the fruit “ much more bynding” ( A d e n o r a c h i s a r b u t i f o l i a ) . “ By the dwellings of the salvages
are bay-trees ” ( G o r d o n i a l a s i a n t h u s ) , “ wild roses ” ( R o s a l u c i d a ) , “ and a kynd of low tree,
which beares a cod ” . . . . “ we take yt to be locust ” ( R o b in i a h i s p i d a ) : “ crabb trees there be, but
the fruiet small and b itte r” ( M a l u s a n g u s t i f o l i a ) . “ The country wants not salsodiack enough to
make glasse of, ancl of which we have made some stoore ” (from S a l i c o r n i a a m b ig u a , and S a l s o l a k a l i ) .
The country is described by Strachey as producing transported fruits and vegetables as well
or “ better then in England, as p a r s e i i i p s , c a r r o t t s , t u r n i p s , p u m p i o n s , m e l l o n s , c o w c u m b e r s , etc., and
many of our Engli.sh garden s e e d e s , e n d i f f , s o c o r y , etc. : ” besides, “ t o b a c c o - s e e d from Trini-
dado, c o t t o n w o o l , a d p o t a t o e s . "
“ Aug. 3d ” (Aslier edit. Huds., and Churchill coll.), Hudson on his Fourth voyage, now in English
employ, in “ 61° 2 0 ' ” passing out of the strait which bears his name into the “ sea to the we.stward
; ” a party landing found “ sorell ” ( O x y r i a d i g y n a ) , “ and that which wee call scurvy-grass in
great abundance” ( C o c h l e a r i a o f f i c i n a l i s ) . Turning Southward, the ship was frozen in “ Nov. lo th ”
in “ 52°.” — The following spring, “ a budde of a tree full of a turpentine substance” was brought,
and “ of this our surgeon made a decoction to drinke” ( A b i e s n i g r a ) , a single native also made his
appearance : “ June 21st,” after the ship was released, Hudson was placed in the shallop with eight
others and abandoned; he was not heard of afterwards.