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are mentioned m traditionary Hawaiian songs among the places visited by voyagers (Ellis tour 2S7
to 313, and Hale ethnog, expl. exp. 129). Of the “ sixty-seven generations ” of Hawaiian kings, the
names of tlie last forty-five kings are regarded by Hale as authentic.
Evidence is also found in the names of accompanying plants, Jambosa Malaccensis being called
on Taheiti " ahii,” on the Hawaiian Islands “ ohia,” but on the intermediate Nukahivan or Marquesas
Islands “ kahika” (Hale), clearly from having been brought from Taheiti.
In hke manner, Colocasia macrorhiza on the Hawaiian Islands has preserved its Taheitian and
Samoan name “ ape,” but is called “ k ap e ” on the Nukahivan and Rarotongan Islands, and “ kabe ”
(Hale) on Tongatabu.*'
I'accapinuatifida of wooded Tropical shores from East Africa throughout the Malayan archipelago.
The Ea st Indian arrow-root is called in Telinga “ cunda,” in Tamil “ carachunay,” and
Its root in Travancore “ chanay kalungoo ” (Drur.), in Burmah “ touk-ta” (Mason), in Ylocano
“ pananen” and its farina “ gaog ao” (Blanco), on Tongatabu “ mahoa,” on the Samoan Islands
masoa, on the Rarotongan Taheitian and Nukahivan Islands “ pia,” a name continued on the
Hawaiian Islands — (Hale) : was observed by myself seemingly indigenous on the Hawaiian Taheitian
Tongan and Feejeean Island.s, but unknown on secluded coral-islands, and by the Samoans
regularly cultivated; is termed “ tacca littorea” by Rumphius v. pl, 114; was observed by Blanco
frequent in Hocos and Zambales on the Philippines; by myself, apparently indigenous on the Mangsi
coial-islets; by Mason v. 106, “ indigenous” in Burmah, “ abounding along the sea shore the
islands and especially at Mergui,” where a “ kind of arrow root has long been made” from its
tuberous roots; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury, in Hindustan as far as Travancore; by Nimmo,
and Graham, “ throughout the Concans” to and beyond Bombay; by myself, to all appearance wild
on Zanzibar.
Dioscorea^ bulbifera of Tropical Eastern Asia. A climbing herbaceous vine called on Madagascar
“ voua-couviki ” (Boj.), in the environs of Bombay “ caroo carunda” (Graham), in Malabar “ kalu-
katsjil ” (Drur.) ; on Taheiti “ hoi ” (Bertero), a name retained on the Hawaiian Lslands — (Gaud.) :
observed by myself abounding in neglected clearings on Metia, Taheiti, the Samoan and Tongan
Islands, Its root not considered edible. Westward, “ kurenga” yam in Feejeean (Hale) and “ k u r i”
yam on Tobi (between Gilolo and the Pelew Islands) may be compared with “ kuri ” in Rarotongan
and Mangarevan and “ kiri ” in Tarawan, names for dog : D. bulbifera is termed “ ubium pomiferum ”
by Rumphius v. pl. 124, was observed by him, and Blume 20, seemingly wild in the Malayan archipelago
(A. Dec.) ; grows wild in Nepal and Silhet (Kunth) ; was observed by Rheede vii. pí. 36 in
Malabar; by Graham, in “ botli Concans ” to and beyond Bombay, its flowers and roots “ eaten
by the poorer classes,” the “ very bitter ” roots after “ being covered over with ashes and steeped
* Casnarina equisetifoha oi the Moluccas and neighbouring islands as far as the Feejeean: A
pine-like tree called in Tagalo and Pampango “ agoho,” in Bisaya “ agoho” or “ malabohoc,” in
Ylocano “ agoo ” or “ a ro ” or “ caro ” (Blanco), on Taheiti “ a ito ” (Bertero) or “ toa,” on the Marquesas
Samoan and Tongan Islands “ to a ” (Hale), and on the Hawaiian Islands in the absence of
the tree the name “ to a ” is continued, periiaps from imported war-clubs : — C. equisetifolia vvas
observed by niyself naturalized and forming groves on the Taheitian and Samoan Islands, under
cultivation on Tongatabu, to all appearance indigenous on the F'eejeean Island.s, and a’ single
planted tree on the Mangsi coral-islets North of Borneo ; by Blanco, frequent in Ilocos and other
localities on the Philippines; is described also by Rumphius iii. pl, 57. By European colonists,
was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; to Brazil, observed by myself planted for ornament at
Rio Janeiro.
Dioscorea pentaphylla of Tropical Eastern Asia. A kidney-rooted yam called in tlie envir
carried there possibly by the first colonists : — observed by myself, often in wild situations, and its
root said to be eaten in times of scarcity, naturalized also on tlie Taheitian and Samoan Island.s, but
on the Feejeean sometimes cultivated. Westward, by Rumphius v. pl. 127 abundantly cultivated on
Amboyna, and by him, and Blume, “ wi ld” in other parts of the Malayan archipelago (A. Dec.) ; by
Blanco, common in Malinta and Bisayas on the Philippines, its root eaten by the native s; by Rheede
vii. pl. 35, in Malabar ; by Davies, and Graham, “ common in the Ghauts and in botli Concans ” to
and beyond Bombay, its male flowers “ sold in the bazar and eaten,” together with its large tubers
which are “ dug up in November; ” by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan, never cultivated so
fa r a s observed by Wight, though Drury “ always found the natives dig the tubers whenever thev
had an opportunity to dress and eat them.” (See D. aculeata).
I.
in cold water” becoming edible, and there is a variety which is “ naturally sweet.” Farther West,
was observed by Bojer growing spontaneously on Madagascar (see also Griseb. fl. bras. v. 28) ; by
Grant, in “ plantain-groves 2° N.” on the Nile, its “ bulbs Brazil-nut size and shape, eating pleasantly
boiled.”
“ The same y e a r ” (Liv., and Clint.), Dalmatia conquered by the Romans under L. Caecilius
Metellus.
“ The same y e a r ” (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399), in Egypt, Ptolemy V I I . succeeded by Ptolemy
V I I I . Lathyrus: his mother Cleopatra being the real ruler. The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy
V I I I . occur on a propylon at Koos, on temples at Ombos and Edfu, on the temple of Athyr at
Thebes, and on extensive restorations made at Medinet-abu with materials from Pharaonic ruins.
Cassia absus of Hindustan. Allied species are called in Yemen “ k o lk o l” (Forsk.); and the
A KÀ K A A A I AA called N A P K I C CO C according to Eumachus of Corcyra, — described by Dioscorides
as the fruit of a shrub growing in Egypt mixed in infusion in eye-salve, mentioned also by
Athenaeus xv. 27, and Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Royle : C. absus was observed by
Alpinus, Hasselquist, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt. Eastward, was observed by Burmann pl.
97 on Ceylon ; by Royle, indigenous in Hindustan and the fruit employed for the medicinal purpose
described by Dioscorides.
“ 116 B. C. = 1st year of the ‘ youan-ting’ of Wou-ti ” (Chinese chron. table).
“ Under the Han dynasty,” the “ Mao-mim” having their bodies “ covered with hair,” described
in the Chinese work “ San-gai-kio (Chan-hai-king) ” as “ inhabiting the other side of the East sea: ”
the earliest notice o f the Ainos oi the Northern Japan islands,* — according to the San-kokf (transl.
Klapr.), and Siebold (eluc. Vries).
* Fucus {Alarici) esculenta of the Northern Japan seas. A seaweed or kelp growing from the
shore some fifty feet in length by a foot wide, called “ kambou ” or “ koumbou (kuen-pou),” and eaten
by the Ainos and surrounding nations : — also found drifting throughout the Sea of Okhotsk : and farther
South, “ generally eaten in Japan, has a very pleasant taste and is noted as being very wholesome
and nutritive,” and forms an important article of export to China (addit. San-kokf transl. Klapr. p.
206, and Siebold eluc. Vries p. 66 and 174): was observed by Vries along the shores of Y'eso ; by
the Japanese traveller Toknai, along those of Krafto (Saghalien) ; by Erman, in the Okhotsk S ea ;
and i.s collected ancl dried through regular fisheries both on Yeso and the Kurile Islands (Sieb.) ; and
farther East, is known to grow in the Arctic portion of Alaska (Rothr. and Harv. in Smith’s report
1867). From transported specimens, is described by Linnæus, Agardh, and Ruprecht.
Fucus sp. Anotlier seaweed, called by the Japanese “ kouro-kouki ” or black sprouts, is equally
good to eat, — according to the addit. San-kokf (Klapr. transl.).
Rosa rugosa of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called “ mau,” or in Japanese “ hama
nasi,” and the fruit generally eaten by the Ainos — (Sieb.): observed by Vries on Y e so ; and by
Thunberg p. 213, in Japan. Farther North, “ R. Kamtschatica ” whose fruit is eaten by the Kamt-
schatkans (Sieb.), may be compared.
Rubus palmatus of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called “ imare fureppi,” or by the
Japanese “ it s ig o ; ” — and the raspberries observed by Vries on Yeso, are referred here by Siebold
p. 41. Farther South, R. palmatus was observed by Thunberg in Japan. As transported to Europe,
is clescribed by the younger Linnæus suppl. 263 (Pers.).
Rubus triphyllus of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called in Japanese “ myama asi
kudasi ; ” — and enumerated by Siebold among the edible and useful plants of Yeso. Farther South,
observed by Thunberg in Japan.
Xanthoxylon sikerebe of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called “ wobakf,” or by the
Ainos “ sikerebe,” or by the Japanese “ ki wada ; ” — enumerated by Siebold among the edible and
useful plants of Y e so ; the “ woo-bek” enumerated in the San-kokf transl. Klapr. among the useful
plants of the Ainos, is doubtless identical.
Juglans nesiko of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called “ kurumi” by the Japanese,
“ nesiko” by the Ainos, and the nuts are called “ ninum:” — enumerated by Siebold among the
edible and useful plants of Yeso.
Brassica Chhiensis of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called by the Japanese “ tona ; ” —
and enumerated by Siebold among the edible and useful plants of Yeso. Received from China by
Linnæus.
Cochlearia sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called “ tsi ” or “ kiseseri,” or by the
Japanese “ wasabi ; ” — enumerated by Siebold among the edible and useful plants of Yeso.
Vitis Yesoensis of Yeso and tlie neighbouring countries. Called “ hats,” or by the Japanese
“ Jeso buto : ” — enumerated by Siebold as a “ delicious black grape ” growing on Yeso.
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