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470 CH RO NOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
“ 9A. D . = ist year of the open usurpation of Sin-mang ” or Wang-mang— (Chinese chron.
table).
“ The same year” (Veil., Dio, and Clint.), the Romans under Quintilius Varus defeated in
Germany.
“ The same year ” (Clint.), the poet Ovid, at the age of “ fifty,” banished to Pontus on the
Euxine.
Artem isia procera of tlie Uralian plains. The country North and East of the Black Sea
TRI STIA- PER'VACVOS -HORRENT-ABS INTHIA-CAMPOS according to Ovid epist. i. 3 ;
— and Benedict of Poland with Plan Carpin found “ plurimum absincium ” in the country North
of the Caspian: A. procera is described by Lobel ic. 768 ; and is known to grow from France and
Italy to Siberia (P ers.). Is besides enumerated by Lindley among the species which have been
used medicinally.
Satureja hortensis of the W est Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain savoury, in France
“ savorde,” in Italy “ savorregia” (Prior) or “ santoreggia dom estica” (Lenz), on Malta “ sarriette”
(For.sk.), in which we recognize the SATVR El A of Ovid, — menlioned by Celsus ii. 21 as esculent,
by Pliny xix. 50 as a cultivated condiment, also mentioned by Columella xi. 3. 57, and Martial: S.
hortensis was observed by Forskal on Malta, is known to grow wild in Italy and France (Pers,, and
Lenz), is besides cultivated throughout Western Europe. By European colonists, was carried prior
to 1670 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and has escaped
therefrom to the prairies of Illinois and the rocky islets of the Falls of the Ohio (Short, and A.
Gray).
iVarcissus biflorus of the W est Mediterranean countries. The NARCISSVS of Ovid, C R 0
CE VM - P RO- CORPORE - FLOR EM. . . FOLI I S -MEDIVM'Cl NGENTIBVS-ALBIS, — may
be compared : N . biflorus is described by Marcellus Virgilius, and is known to grow wild on the
Appenines (Spreng.) and in Spain (P ers.). As a garden flower farther North is described by
Dodoens pl. 223, is termed “ n. poeticus” by Hudson (Pers.), but has become naturalized in various
parts of Europe, and from at least the time of Gerarde n o to 112 in Britain (Park. th. pl. 75, Ray,
Wats., and A. D ec.).
•A. D. 10, beyond the Lower Rhine, Germanicus found in a maritime district a solitary spring
of fresh water ; the use of which for drinking caused the teeth to fall out within two years, and the
knee-joints to be loosened; a malady called by the physicians “ stomacacen ” and “ sceletyrben ”
scurvy (Plin. xxv. 6).
Cochlearia ojpicinalis of extreme Northern Climates. Called in Germany “ loffel-kraut,” in
Britain spoonauort or scurvy grass or more properly scurvy cress (Prior); and the “ britannica”
herb pointed out by resident Frisians as a remedy, its juice expressed even from the root, and its
flower called “ vibones,” — may be compared: the “ oscedinem herba britannica viridis sumpta in
dbo lactucae modo,” according to Marcelius 11, heals the mouth, is also dried: C. officinalis is
known to grow on the seashore from Spitzbergen and Lapland to Ireland and Denmark, and in
mountainous wet situations inland as far as Switzerland (fl. Dan. pl. 135, W ats., and Lindl.); also
in Siberia, as far as 67° on the Oby (Pall.). Westward, was observed by Flooker on Iceland; is
known to grow in Greenland (W ats.), Labrador (Colmaster), and along the Arctic Sea to Mackenzie
river and beyond (H ook.) ; was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha. Recently, according
to Ciot-Bey and Figari, has been introduced from the gardens of France into Egypt.
Rumex aquaticus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called-in Britain water dock
(Prior), in Italian drug-shops “ erba britannica” (Lenz), in Greece “ ngrölapathö ” (Fraas) or “ agriö
lapathön” (S ibth .); and possibly the “ britannica ” in question: — the “ ippölapathön ” of Dioscorides,
large, growing in marshes, and agreeing with the four other kinds in medicinal properties, is
referred here by writers; together with the “ hydrolapathum ” of Pliny xx. 85 said to grow in water:
R. aquaticus is described by Lobel pl. 285, and Camerarius 232; is termed “ lapathum aquaticum
folio cubitali” by Tournefort inst. 504; is known to grow in the marshes of the district visited by
Germanicus (Lips., and Spreng.); also throughout middle Europe as far as Italy (H uds., Pers,,
and Pollini) ; ^nd was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, not rare in marshes from the Peloponnesus
to Cyprus.
Betonica alopecurus of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Greece “ vStönikc ”
(Sibth.); and the B P C T AN N I KH mentioned about this time by Niceratus — is perhaps the “ vrg-
tannike e vöttonike ” of Dioscorides, having a short and slender root, a stem not large, leaves like
“ lapathö agriö” but more hairy and larger, their inspissated juice a.stringent and used for ulcers in
the mouth : the “ vrätannike ” is mentioned also by Damocrates, and Galen antid. ii. 2. p. 453 ; and
the “ vöttönike,” by Paulus Aegineta: B. alopecurus was observed by Sibthorp frequent on Parnassus.
Westward, is described by Dalechamp 1358 (Spreng.); is termed “ b. alpina latifolia
major villosa fiore lu teo” by Tournefort inst. 203; and is known to grow on the mountains of
OF AC COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 471
Carniolia, Austria, Italy, and Southern France as far as the Pyrenees (Scop. earn. pl. 28, Pers., A.
Dec., and Lenz).
“ 13 A. D .” (Dio, and Clint.), the empire for “ ten years ” accepted for the fifth time by Augustus.
As early probably as this date, an instrument for crushing the stone within the bladder invented
by Ammonius ; — together with the mode of using it, described by Celsus vii. 26.3. The art was
revived in 1813 by Gruithuisen of Bavaria, who having introduced a straight catheter into the bladder,
proposed by means of a looped wire to draw up and destroy stony concretions (Salzburgh
medicosurg. gaz. for March, and Mc.Euen in litt.) ; but not until 1824 was lithotrity successfully
accomplished, Civiale at Paris employing a rotating or watchmaker’s drill (Cuv. rapp. Inst.). Improved
instruments for crushing were afterwards invented by Huerteloup, and Jacobson, and have led to the
general adoption of the art.
“ 14 A. D. = 1st year of the ‘ thiang-foung’ of the usurping Sin-mang” or Wang-mang —
(Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year,” and “ before the death of A ugustus” (Clint, iv. p. 45), a Observed
by L. Seneca nat. qu. 1. i.
“ A u gust” (Sueton., and Clint.), Augustus succeeded by Tiberius, second Roman emperor. The
hieroglyphic ovals of Tiberius occur at Dendera, Karnak, Esneh, Philæ, and on the temple continued
by him at Debot in Nubi^.
of Eastern Europe. The N A R D I - G A L L I C I - F O L I O R VM' R O S A E - A R I D O R VM
mentioned by Celsus v. 23,— were probably of this species, whose petals according to Lindley “ are
astringent and tonic, and are dried for various officinal preparations : ” R. pumila is known to grow
wild in Italy (Lenz) ; is further described by Lindley as a “ dwarfish stiff short-branched bush ” growing
in Austria and the Crimea; and was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, irequent in Greece.
Farther East, “ R. G allica” was observed by Thunberg at Dezima and elsewhere in Japan.
Athamantha Cretensis of the Mediterranean countries. Its imported fruits are called in drug-
shops “ semina dauci cretici ” (Lindl.) ; in which we recognize the D A VC I - C R ET I C I - SEMI N I S prescribed
by Celsus V . 23, — clearly among the four kinds of Petronius Diodotus, “ probatissimi in
Creta, mox in Achaia, et in siccis ubicunque nati,” the stem upright a foot high, and root “ suavissimi
gustus et odoris ” (Plin. xxv. 64) : the “ thaukos krêtikôs ” is described by Dioscorides as growing
in dry stony places, its root thick as the finger and a span long, flowers white, fruits hairy white pungent
to the taste and odorous : “ daucum” seeds from Crete were found by Alpinus iv. 7 employed
medicinally in Egypt: and A. Cretensis in its annual state is described by Fuchsius pl. 231, is
termed “ myrrhis annua semine striato villoso incana” by Tournefort inst. 315, and was observed by
Sibthorp along the margin of fields on the island of Melo. Westward, A. Cretensis is described by
Matthioli, and Lobel (Spreng.) ; is known to grow from Carniolia to the Pyrenees (Jacq. austr. pl.
62, Pers., and A. D ec.) ; was observed by Lenz in North Italy, and by Lecoq in limestone districts
as far as central France. Its frifts according to Lindley are “ aromatic with a warm agreeable
flavour,” and “ were used in the preparation of diaphoenix Venice treacle, and compound syrup of
wormwood.”
Euphorbia lathyris ot Eastern Asia. Called in Italy “ cacapuzza ” or “ calapuzia” (Lenz), in
which we recognize the C A T A P OT I V M pill of Celsus : — seven or eight seeds of “ lathuris ” taken
in “ katapôtiô,” are prescribed by Dioscorides iv. 164; for a more violent purgative (according to
Pliny xxvii. 71) the seeds of “ lathyris ” are taken in their follicles, and as they hurt the stomach are
eaten with fish or chicken-pottage ; the “ Iathyr” is mentioned by Serenus (A insw .); “ lacteridae”
by Charlemagne capit. for cultivation in every garden ; E. lathyris is called “ cataputia minor” in the
old pharmacopceias (Lindl.) ; is termed “ t. latifolius cataputia dictus ” by Tournefort inst. 86 ; and
besides growing spontaneously in waste ground, continues to be cultivated in Italy and throughout
middle Europe as far as Plolland (Pers., A. Dec., and Lenz) ; in Britain is called caper-plant, the
“ seed vessels being used in sauce for the buds of the real caper” (Prior). Eastward, the “ lathuris ”
classed by some among “ tithumalois ” is furtlier described by Dioscorides as a cubit high, leaves
resembling those of the almond, and three-seeded fruit rounded like capers “ kapparin;” is mentioned
also by Galen antid. ii. 17; E. lathyris wa.s observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the
Peloponnesus, but seems rare and has not been found by other.s: is enumerated by Ciot-Bey and
Figari as recently introduced into Egypt. Farther East, was observed by Thunberg in Japan, growing
here and there and called “ soku siiisi.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues under cultivation and is sometimes found growing spontaneously (A.
Gray). According to Lindley, the seeds are “ drastic,” and are said “ to procure abortion.”
Daucus gum m ifer o{S\C\\y. The M A R I N A ■ P A S T I N A C A prescribed by Celsus v. 27, — may
be compared ; and the liquid storax supposed by Matthaeus Platearius f. 24S to be produced in Calabria,
is referred here by Sprengel : D. gummifer is termed “ pastinaca tenuifolia gummi manans ” by
Boccone pl. 20 ; and is known to grow on “ dry stony hills ” along the seashore of Sicily (Gussone
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