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“ The same year” (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Gothofridus Viterbiensis.
“ n86 A. D. (= 583 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), after years of hostilities, Shahab-u-din partly by
stratagem captured Khusru Malik, and obtained possession of Lahore.
“ Sept. 14th ” (Blair), Great conjunction ofthe sun, moon, and all the planets in Libra.
“ 1187 A. D.” (Klapr. note to San-kokf), Soun-ten-o having returned to the Loo Choo Islands,
now at the age of “ twenty-two” made king; the first of the Tame-tomo dynasty. He introduced the
“ i-ro-fa ” or Japanese alphabet.
“ In this year” (Marco Polo 65), revolt of the Tartars against their legitimate ruler Unecan or
Ung-kan ; and Jenghiz elected khan.
“ The same year” (Munk, and Marcel), the crusaders driven from Jerusalem and Palestine into a
few fortified posts along the coast: —which were held by them many years.
“ Oct, 20th” (Nicol.), Urbanus 111. succeeded by cardinal Albert di Morra or Gregorius V I I I .;
and “ Dec. 19th,” by cardinal Paul Scolaro or Clemens III., eighteenth pope. Clemens IIL “ added
the year of his pontificate to the dates of the place and day in his common Bulls ; which practice was
adopted by nearly all his successors.”
The same year (“ 45th year of Manuel Comnena,” editor), Gregorius Degha being Armenian
patriarch, end of the chronicle of Samuel of Ania.
“ 1188 A. D.” (Blair), Third crusade. — King Richard of England and Philip II. of France,
departing in the following year with the crusaders.
“ 1189 A. D. (= 5th year of the nengo boun-zi,” Klapr. transl. San-kokf p. 221), Yosi-tsoune
defeated by his brother Yori-tomo seeking refuge among the Ainos; where he married a chiefs
daughter, received the name of Oki-gourou, and built a castle in the Eastern part’of Yeso. — Remains
of this edifice were visible in the days of the nairator, and the memory of Yosi-tsoune continued to be
venerated by the Ainos, his history being celebrated in songs in their theatrical representations or
pantomimic dances.
“ 1190 A. D. = ‘ tchao-hi,’ ist year of Kouang-tsoiing of the Soung, and ist year of the ‘ming-
tchang’ of Tchang-tsoung of the Kin” — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (Alst.), founding of a third military monastic Order; the “ Teutonic knights.”
“ The same year” (rudim. chron. Lond.), rise of heraldry.
“ 1191, March 30th” (Alst., and Nicol.), Clemens I I I . succeeded by cardinal Hyacinth Biibona,
now Celestinus IIP, nineteenth pope : and the first one who granted “ absolution ad cautelam.” Henricus
VI. ruling Germany and Italy.
“ In this year (= 587 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Shahab-u-din totally defeated on the great plain
beyond Tanesar by Prithwi, Hindu king of Delhi and Ajmir. Leaving the wreck of his army at Lahore,
he retired across the Indus.
“ Towards the end of the Twelfth century” (Lubke and Lutrow), the new cathedral at Strasburg
commenced. — The spire, “ four hundred and ninety-one feet” high, was completed “ in 1439.”
“ 1193 A. D. (= 589 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph., Bentley giving “ 588 A. H.” = 1192), Shahab-u-
din with a new army entering Hindustan defeated Prithwi, put him to death on the battle-field, and
obtained possession of Delhi and Ajmir. The biography of Prithwi or Pithaura is included in a history
of Rajputanaby Chand, a Hindee or Hindustanee poet who had resided at his court (G. de Tassy
pref. and p. 138).
Kutb-u-din Eibak, left behind as the representative of Shahab-u-din, commenced near Delhi the
Kutab Minar, a round tower — “ two hundred and sixty-five feet high ” (Lubke and Lutrow). ■
“ In this year’’ (art de verif.), Saladin succeeded byMelek-Aziz Othman, second Ayoubite sultan
of Egypt. A copper coin issued by Melek-Aziz Othman, is figured in Marcel p. 146.
“ 1194 A. D. (= 591 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), returning to Hindustan and Delhi, Shahab-u-
din defeated the Hindu king Jeia Chandra farther down the Jamna, and obtained possession of Canouj
and Benares. The greater part of the Rahtor clan abandoning Canouj founded a principality at
Marwar, — now in alliance with the British government.
The roof of Peterborough cathedral, “ of the date of about 1194” (hist, viol.), contains as far as
known the earliest representation of the violin; the only musical “ instrument that, like the human
voice, possesses the power of perfect intonation.” Bows, perhaps a British invention, had been previously
applied to other instruments for two or three centuries. — “ Fiddlers ” are said to be mentioned
by old English poets prior to Chaucer. But the Cremona manufacturers, whose violins have never
been equalled, were of the “ Sixteenth ” century.
“ 119s A. D. = ‘ tsing-youan,’ ist year of Ning-tsoung, of the Soung” or Twenty-first dynasty —
(Chinese chron. table).
The same year (= “ izth year of Toba I I . ,” art de verif.), Joritomo after new victories visiting
Toba II. at Meaco, was confirmed by him in the title of “ cubo ” or general In chief. — The title became
hereditary.
“ The same year ” (Alst.), Isaacus II. succeeded by Alexis III. Angel, fifty-seventh Byzantine
emperor.
“ In this year (=592 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), after capturing Biana near Agra, and laying
siege to Gwalior, Shahab-u-din appears to have'been called away by troubles in the West, and left
Kutb-u-din to complete his conquests in Hindustan.
“ 1196 A. D.” (Blair), Henri Dándolo doge of Venice.
“ The same year” (Azt. hierog. annals, Clavig,, and Humb. ii. 6), the Acolhuans and Aztecs
making their appearance on the Mexican table-land; speaking, like their predecessors, the Toltec
language.
The cochineal insect. Coccus cacti, discovered at an early period by the Mexicans, and reared
extensively to procure its brilliant dye.* — When the Spaniards entered the country in 1519, cochineal
first became known to Europeans (Pereir.) ; but to the present day Mexico continues the source of
commercial supply.
“ 1197 A. D.” (G. de Tassy i. p. 519), Gwalior in the district of Agra captured by the Muslims.
— The city was retaken by the Hindus; but was finally subjugated in “ 1225 ” by Altamsch sultan of
Delhi. A History of Gwalior is extant, written by the Hindee or Hindustanee poet Vargaraya.
“ In or about this year ” (G. de la Vega, = 1249— “ near 50 years reign,” Bias Valera, and addit.
art de verif.), Capac Yupanqui succeeded by his son Roca, now sixth Inca of Peru. — He enlarged the
empire to “ two hundred leagues from North to South, by one hundred from East to West;” and
afterwards added fifty leagues to its length and breadth.
Myrospemnum Peruiferum of Eastern Peru. An Amyroid tree called there “ quinquino”
(Lindl), yielding the fragrant bitter aromatic balsam o f Peru, known from early times f—(Hernand.
mex. pl. 51, and Ruiz) : growing in the Peruvian forest, in low warm sunny situations near the river
Maranon (Lindl.).
Cinchona sp. of the Eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes. Forest-trees affording Peruvian bark,
from early times employed to intoxicate fishes—(Saunders, and Lindl. fl. med. 211).
Phytelephas macrocarpa of the Eastern side of the Peruvian Andes. A palm, its long fronds
employed from early times to cover dwellings, and the ivory-like kernel of its fruit for making implements
:— observed by Ruiz and Pavon 301 in the forest in the warm region, its fruit very large and
called by colonists “ caleza de negro” (Pers.). The imported kernels under the name of vegetable
ivory have become well known in the arts.
* Opuntia coccinellifera of Mexico and the West Indies. A species oi prickly pear, said to be
that on which the cochineal insect feeds, — described by Lopez de Gomara (Spreng.) : 0 . coccinellifera,
red-flowered and nearly thornless, is known to grow on Jamaica (Pers.). Transported to Europe,
is described by Knorr del. ii. pl. O, and Dillenius elth. pi. 297 : and by European colonists was carried
to Hindustan, observed “ in gardens Bombay ” by Graham ; to Burmah, called there “ ka-la-soung-
let-wa” (Mason).
t Baccharis genistelloides and B. venosa of Peru. Allied species abounding in bitter extractive
matter and from early times employed medicinally.—called in Brazil “ carqueja dolce” and
“ c. amarga” (Lindl.), or the first according to Marcgraf and Piso pl. 78 “ canambaga” (Pers.):
“ particularly serviceable in chronic diseases of horses, which are very fond of this herb” (Mart.,
and Lindl.).
Canna edulis of Peru. Called there “ achiras” (Lindl.), its fleshy tubers containing a large
quantity of starch resembling arrowroot, and from early times eaten as potatoes: — described by Ker
(bot. reg. ix. 775).
Polypodium crassifolium of the Eastern side of the Peruvian Andes. A fern called “ puntu-
puntu” (Lindl.), and from early times its root in infusion and decoction used as a sudorific : —observed
by Ruiz in the mountain-forest, in gravelly and rocky naked warm situations (Lindl.). From transported
specimens, is termed “ phyllitis maculata amplissimo folio ” by Petiver til. pl. 8.
Polypodium calaguala of the Peruvian Andes. A fern called “ calaguala” or “ ccallahuala ”
(Lindl.), its dried root extremely bitter and from early times used medicinally, — having great deobstruent,
sudorific, antivenereal, and febrifuge virtues : observed by Ruiz in the elevated cold region,
in clefts and on the side of rocks (Lamb, cinch. 120 pl. 2). Seldom to be had genuine in Europe
(Lindl.).
AcrosHchum huacsaro of Peru. A fern called by Spanish colonists “ cordoncillo” or “ calaguala
m diana,” in Peruvian “ huacsaro ” (Lindl.), its root from early times used medicinally, — in cold infusion
and decoction yielding a red colour and slight astringent taste, but very inferior in action to true
calaguala: observed by Ruiz in elevated cold situations along the Andes (Lamb, cinch. 128, and
Lindl.).