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8 i o CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
the St, Lawrence ; and “ ewe ” trees, by Hudson in ascending the river that bears his name : A.
Canadensis was observed by F. A. Michaux from Lat. 51° throughout New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia, and on the Alleghanies of our Southern States ; by myself, from 46° to 40° along the Atlantic ;
by Schweinitz, near Germanton in North Carolina ; by Chapman, on “ high mountains of North Carolina,
and northward by Short, in Kentucky; by Long’s Expedition ii. 81, as far as 50° on Lake
Winnipeg ; by E. James, at the sources of the Arkansas on the Rocky mountains ; and by Drummond,
to 53° on the West side of these mountains. The bark for tanning has become well known in
commerce.
L a rix Americatia o( Subarctic America. The hackmatack or American larch, its bark sometimes
substituted in making plasters by the New England natives— (Joss. 62) : the “ lereckhout” is
enumerated by J. Mason among the trees of Newfoundland ; L. Americana was observed by Herzberg
in Labrador as far as 57° (Meyer) ; by Richardson, at Point Lake; by F. A. Michaux, from Lake
Mistassins to the Alleghanies in Virginia ; by myself, from 47° to 42° along the Atlantic; by Torrey as
far as 41° on the Hudson ; by Pursh, in Pennsylvania ; by Long’s Expedition ii. 81, to 50° on Lake
Winnipeg ; by Drummond, to 54° near the Rocky mountains ; by myself on the mount Ranier ridge ;
and by Georgi, along the Pacific opposite Kamtchatka. The timber is highly valued for ship-building,
but is not plentiful.
Cupressus thuioides of Northeast America. The luhite cedar from early times known to the
natives around Massachusetts Bay, their light canoes “ made of birch rindes and sowed together with
the rootes of white cedar-trees ” — (Johns, wond. prov. 8); “ cipressi ” were seen by Varrazzanus after
leaving the opening and before reaching 41“ 40'; “ ciprés,” by Higgeson near Salem (hist. coll. i. 117
to 125) ; and the “ mournefull cypres tree” of Massachusetts Bay, is distinguished by W. Wood i. 5
from the “ cedar ” with red wood : C. thuioides has been observed by myself in bogs, forming “ cedar-
swamps ” along the Atlantic from 43° to 38° ; by Croom, as far as Newbern ; by F. A. Michaux, not
South of the Santee; by Chapman, in “ swamps, Florida, and northward;” by Sheppard, in Canada;
and according to A. Gray grows from “ Eastern Massachusetts to Ohio; ” according to Plooker, as
far as Fort Cumberland, Lat. 54°. Its “ light durable wood” well known in commerce.
Eragrostis capillaris of Northeast America. An annual autumnal grass, possibly introduced
into New England by the aboriginal tribes : * — observed by myself in sunny situations in the environs
of Salem, chiefly about cultivated ground ; by Pursh, from Canada to Florida; by A. Gray, in
“ sandy dry soil and fields, common, especially southward;” by Chapman, in “ dry uncultivated
fields, Florida, and northward was received by Kunth from North America, Playti, Jamaica, and
Chili. Transported to Europe, is described hy Morison viii pl. 6, is termed “ gramen paniculatum
virginianum locustis minimis” by Tournefort inst. 522, and observed by Sibthorp “ in Bithynia” in
Asia Minor.
“ 1419 A. D. (= 17th year young-lo,” Remus, iii. 97), an epistle in letters of gold accompanying
elephants and productions of the country sent to China by Thsan-liei-tchao-phing-ya, king of Cambodia.
“ 1420 A. D.” (Alst.), Joannes V II. succeeded by Joannes V III., by consent of the Turks, sixty-
eighth Byzantine emperor.
“ June” (Major pr. H. 58), returning to Porto Santo, Zarco discovered a dark line towards the
South-west, and supposing it to be fog resting on forests, sailed in that direction and re-discovered
the islmd of Madeira. He found the tomb and wooden cross left by Machin’s party, but no signs of
inhabitants. Continuing along the coast, he entered with his sloops “ a little creek sheltered by a
rock,” and “ disturbed the repose of a troop of sea wolves ” (seals'), “ which fled into a cavern at the
* Eragrostis tenuis of Northeast America. An autumnal grass distinguished from the preceding
by more numerous florets and long hairs in the axils of branches of the panicle, but possibly also
introduced into New England by the aboriginal tribes ; — observed by myself in the same situations
with the preceding in the environs of Salem, and as far as Philadelphia; by Curtis, in North Carolina;
by Elliot, at Greenville in South Carolina; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas, and termed “ poa
trichodes;” and accordmg to A. Gray, grows in “ sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and southward.”
From transported specimens, is termed “ e. Geyeri ” by Steudel.
Juncus tenuis of Northeast America, A rush possibly also carried North of its natural limits
by the aboriginal tribes: — termed “ j. bicornis” by Michaux, as observed in Carolina and Georgia;
observed by myself from 43° to 38° along the Atlantic, frequent in gras.s-grown clearings and especially
along roadsides ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Cliapman, in “ Florida, and northward; ” by
Short, in Kentucky; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, in Arkansas. Transported lo Europe, is described by
Rostk. pl. I, has been found on Clova mountain (Wats.), and according to Hooker in other parts of
Europe.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 811
foot of the rock, which was their dwelling-place ; ” and which received the name of “ Carnara dos
lobos : ” — the Camara cos lobos visited by myself is clearly an artificial excavation, like a mill-sluice
tunneled along the base of a precipice with windows at intervals.
“ 1421 A. D.” (art de verif.), Shekh Mahmoudi succeeded by Ahmed El-Mozaffer ; after some
months, by Seifeddin Tattar ; and before the close of the year, by Mohammed Saleh, twenty-seventh
Memluk sultan of Egypt.
“ The same year” (voyag. Belg.), by the kings of England, France, and the duke of Burgundy,
Guillebert de Lannoy sent as “ ambassador” for the purpose of ascertaining the condition of Syria
and Egypt. Journeying by land, the king of Poland added letters of recommendation to the Turkish
sultan, formerly an ally in warring against Hungary. Before reaching the frontier, the sultan’s death
induced Launoy to. turn Eastward, and under the protection of the duke of Lithuania, travel among
the Tartars of the Lower Dnieper. He maintained-throughout the character of “ ambassador ; ” and
from the Crimea, proceeded by sea. Ambassadors had previously been sent by European potentates
only to Christian and friendly nations ; and Lannoy’s mission is therefore regarded as the beginning
of diplomacy. — The political relation of Lannoy is further illustrated, by the duke of Burgundy
sending him seven years afterwards to the king of Bohemia and the duke of Austria, To negotiate
respecting the followers of Huss in Hungary.
“ The same year” (Alst.), Mohammed succeeded by his son Murad I I ., eighth Turkish sultan.
Thlaspi arvense of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain Mithridate mustard, being
one of the seventy-two ingredients of a Mithridatic theriaca which gave rise to “ the tales so popular
in the middle ages of sorcerers eating poisons,” — and “ was used as a vermiluge, and retain£ ’ till
about a hundred years ago in the London Pharmacopeia (Prior) : T. arvense is described by Gerarde
p. 206 ; is termed “ t. arvense siliquis latis ” by Tournefort inst. 212 ; is known to occur m Itaty and
throughout middle Europe (Pers., and A. Dec.), but is regarded by Watson as exotic in Britain and
introduced. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp at the base of mount Hæmus and around Constantinople
; and is known to occur in the Tauro-Caspian countries (A. Dec.), and as far as Yeso in
Nortliern Japan (Siebold). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it was
observed by myself at Tadousac on the Lower St. Lawrence ; is known to occur also within the limits
of the United States (Beck., and Torrey).
Filago Gallica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. With other species called in Britain/
zrarow/Y, and the “ horworte” of ms. Bodley, or “ horwort” of gloss. Arundel 42,—.is referred
here by Cockayne ; F. Gallica is described by Morison vii. pl. 11 ; is termed “ f. vulgaris tenuissimo
folio erecta ” by Tournefort inst. 454 ; and is known to grow in gravelly soil throughout middle
Europe (Lam. Û. fr., and Pers.) ; but in Britain, where it was observed in cultivated ground by Ray
p. 181, and has since made its appearance in other localities, is regarded by Watson as exotic (A.
Dec.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to the
Greek islands.
“ 1422 A. D.” (art de verif.), Mohammed Saleh succeeded by Barsebay El-Aschraf, twenty-
eighth Memluk sultan of Egypt. The mosque bearing his name at Cairo, was built by Barsebay El-
Aschraf ; who also carried on war in the iMediterranean against the Franks or Europeans.
Celastrus edulis of Tropical Arabia. Prior to the introduction of coffee, the use of “ cafta” or
“ kat” established in Yemen by Ali Schadheli ben Omar — (Fakhr-eddin Mekki, Abd-alkader, and
De Sacy chrest.) : C. edulis, a tree called “ gat” or “ kat,” was observed by Forskal in Y'emen, cultivated
in the same gardens with coffee, and various virtues attributed to the leaves which are eaten
with avidity by the Arabs : the use of “ kat ” as a masticatory was witnessed by myself at Mocha,
fresh branches being brought every morning from the mountains.
“ The same year” (voyag. Belg.), in Egypt, Lannoy found circumcision practised among the
Jacobite Christians or the Copts. And at Cairo, met with merchants of Hindustan, and even a patriarch
from that country.
“ The same year (= 1460 of the era of Cæsar,’' Major pr. H, 66), the Christian era for “ all public
ordinances” adopted by king John of Portugal.
“ The same year ” (Clavig., and Hitmb. atl. pict.), end of the reign of Chimalpopoca. — He was
succeeded in the following year by Itzcoatl, fourth Mexican emperor.
“ In tliis year (= 825 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Firuz succeeded by Ahmed, now ninth Bahmani
king of the Deccan.
“ 1423 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod at Treves ; and another, at Sienna. Against heretics.
“ 1425 A. D. = ‘ houng-hi,’ 1st year of Jin-tsoung-tchang-ti ” or Jin-tsoung III., “ of the Ming”
or twenty-third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). _ ^
As early perhaps as this date (G. de la Veg. vii), under the direction of the Inca Yupanqui, Chili
conquered by the Peruvian general Chinchintca ; and the bounds of the empire extended Southward
from Atacama to Copayapu eighty leagues, thence to Cuquimpu eighty, thence to Chili fifty-five,