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828 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Carex- vesicaria of Europe and Northern Asia. A large and conspicuous sedge called in Sweden
“ blase-starr ” or “ Lappsko-starr,” in Lapland “ kappmocksuini,” and from early times the dried
leaves placed by the Laplanders in their shoes against cold in winter and perspiration in summer —
(Linn.) : is termed “ gramen cyperoides angustifolium spicis longis erectis ” by C. Bauhin pin. 6 and
theatr. 84, “ g. c. majus præcox .spicis turgidis teretibus flavescentibus ” by Morison iii. 8, pl. 12 ; and
is knovvn to grow from Lapland to Ireland, Switzerland, Russia, and Siberia (fl. Dan. pl, 647, Leers pl.
i5, Pers., and Wats.), also on Caucasus (Bieb.): was observed by Linnæus frequent in moist places
in’Lapland and Sweden; by Decandolle, in France; by Savi, in Etruria; and by Desfontaines, in
Barbary. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland; and according to J. Carey, grows in “ Nortliern New
England? and northward.”
Get‘aulu?u syhniHcttjri of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia, Called in Sweden “ Abrams-
rot,” in L a p l a n d “ gibber-gras ” (Linn.), and known from early times :—termed “ g. secunda batra-
choides ” by Clusius pann. pl. 418, “ g. batrachoides folio aconiti ” by C. Bauhin pin. 317, and
Tournefort inst. 266, and known to grow from Lapland and Russia throughout middle Europe (Ray
hist. 1062, Engl. bot. pi. 121, and Pers.), also in North Africa (Wats.) : observed by Hooker in Iceland
; by Linnæus, in Lapland and Sweden; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople; by
Bieberstein, on Caucasus.*
“ The same year ” (Alst. p. 450), end of the historical work on the Turks by Laonicus Chalcon-
dyles of Athens. — He died “ about 1463.”
“ The same year ” (Blair), a printed volume first issued in Europe ; the Vulgate Bible.
Angelica sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain as in medieval
Batio angeiica (Prior); and the Saxon “ lingwort ” — is referred here by Bailey (Cockayne): A.
sv'lvestris is described by Brunswyck as a remedy against the plague ; is named according to Fuchsius
126 from the sweet odour of its root and its great power over poisons ; is described also by Ruel
iii. 52, Tragus, and Dodoens pempt. pl. 315 ; is termed “ imperatoria pratensis major ” by Tournefort
inst. 317; is known to grow in the environs of Naples (Guss., and A. Dec.), and throughout middle
Europe as far as Britain (Crantz, Pers., and Engl. bot. pl. 1128). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus ; by Pallas
trav. i. 276, on the Lower Volga, the young stem eaten crude by the natives. “ Angelica” root was
observed by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt.
Lycopsis arvensis oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The Saxon “ oxtongue” —is
referred here by Cockayne : L. arvensis is described by Parkinson, and Ray p. 224, and is regarded
as introduced into Britain (A. Dec.) ; is known to occur also in Italy (Bertoi.), and from the base of
the Pyrenees chiefly in cultivated ground throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland
(fl. Lapp. 77, fi. Dan. pl. 435, Pers., Noulet, and Laterr.). Eastward, was observed by Gittard in the
Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; and is known to occur throughout Russia, and as far as Caucasus (Bieb.,
and A. Dec.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to
occur sparingly in waste and cultivated ground from New England to Virginia (A. Gray, and myself).
Hyacinthus (Agraphis) nutans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Scotland
hare-bell, in Britain blue-bell {Fx\ox\ and the Saxon “ bluebells ” —is referred here by Cockayne:
A. nutans is described by Clusius hist. i. p. 177, and Parkinson par. ; is known to grow in Italy, Spam,
and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pl. 61, Thuil., Engl. bot. pl. 377, and Pers.).
Eastward, is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb., and Steud.).f
* Miilgedium f alpinum of Subarctic Europe and Asia and mountains farther South. Called in
Sweden “ tota” or “ tolta,” in Lapland “ jerja,” and from early times its stems peeled and eaten crude
by the Laplanders — (Linn.) ; termed “ sonchus cæruleus ” by Camerarius epit. 281, “ s. lævis laciniatus
cæruleus vel s. alpinus cæruleus ” by C. Bauhin pin. 124, and known to grow on the mountains
of Northern Europe and of Switzerland (Bauh. hist. ii. 1006, fl. Dan. pl. 182, Smith brit. ii. 815, Pers.,
and Wats.) : observed by Linnæus on the flanks of the mountains of Lapland, frequent in shaded
situations and often as tall as a man ; by Pallas, on the Ural.
Mulgedium? Sibericum of Subarctic climates. From early times the weather prognosticated by
the closing of its flowers — (Linn.) ; termed “ lactuca salicis folio flore cæruleo” by Amman 211;
received by Linnæus from Northern Sweden, Lapland, and Finland ; and observed by Gmelin ii. ph 3
in Siberia. Farther East, according to Hooker, grows from 66° to the mouth of the Columbia and
Lake Huron.
t Campanula rotundifolia of Subarctic climates. The blue-bell oi Scotland (Prior) so-callecl
as early probably as this date : — C. rotundifolia is described by Lobel pl. 321 ; is termed “ c. minor
rotundifolia vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst. in ; is known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland,
and from France throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (All., Lam. fl. fr., Pers.,
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 829
“ 1463 A. D.” (see Galvan.) death of prince Plenry of Portugal, through whose maritime enterprises
the African coast was made known from Cape Non to Sierra Leone “ in 8° N.”
“ In this year” (Velasco, and Markh.), Hualcopo Duchicala succeeded by his son Cacha, now
fifteenth scyri of Quito.
“ In this year” (Barrow, see Major 2d edit. Columb. p. xxvii), under orders from Alfonso V. of
Portugal, John Vaz Costa Cortereal accompanied by Alvaro Martens Homem exploring the Northern
Seas. They discovered Newfoundland; and on their return touching at Terceira found the captaincy
vacant, and solicited the appointment; — their commission is “ dated in Evora, 2nd April, [464.”
1464 A. D., in Java, Raden Patah after marrying the grand-daughter of Raden Rachmat and
before the birth of a child proceeded Westward from Ampel to establish himself where he should find
the sweet-scented grass called “ bintara.” This grass was observed growing on a few dry spots in an
extensive swamp, and the new city was accordingly called Bintara.
“ Aug. 31st” (Alst., and Nicol.), Pius II. succeeded by cardinal Peter Barbo, now Paulus II.,
fifty-seventh pope. Louis X I. ruling France ; Edward IV., England ; and James III., Scotland.
The tale of “ The Wright’s chaste wife ” written in the reign of Edward IV. — (All., and Cockayne).
Paris quadrifolia of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in BxWam four-leaved grass or trulove
from the Danish “ trolovet ” betrothed, or herb paris from the medieval Latin “ herba paris ” of a
pair (Prior), in which we recognize the herb “ truelove ” of the Wright’s chaste wife — (Cockayne) ;
P. quadrifolia is described by Fuchsius p. 87 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow from the Mediterranean
throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pl. 139, Pers.,
Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, is known to grow throughout Siberia (Wats.), and as far as the
Japanese islands of Yeso and Niphon (Thunb., and Sieb.).
“ In or about this year ” (Rees cycl., and Pouchet), decimals (the invention of George Purbach,
“ b. 1423”), substituted by Joannes Muller called Regiomontanus for the sexagesimal division of the
Circle in his Table of sines. Regiomontanus also according to Pouchet first used clocks in astronomical
observations.
“ The same year ” (Clavig., and Humb. atl. pict.), Motezuma-IIhuicamina succeeded by Axaja-
catl, sixth Mexican emperor.
The disease syphilis among the Aitians and other American tribes from early times, as appears
from legends — collected by F. Roman Pane 6 (F. Columb. 62 and 74). In Europe, syphilis con-
“ brought in 1495 into Germany” by soldiers returning from the war in France.
Guaiacum officinale of the West Indies. A Zygoph+loid tree yielding the gaxa-xesm guaicum,
called in Aitian “ guayacan ” (Ovied.), and from early times used as a remedy in syphilis : —the
“ guayacan” tree was observed by Oviedo nat. hyst. 75 on Hayti and the other islands, but not on
the main land : G. officinale by Sloane ii. pl. 222, and Macfadyen, on Jamaica; by Swartz obs. 168,
also in the West Indies, its “ wood excessively hard and compact” (Lindl.). The drug guaiacum
was procured by Gonsalvo Ferraud from the natives of Hayti and brought to Europe “ in 1508”
(Pereir. mat. med.); is mentioned also by Monardez, Ruellius i. 45, Valerius Cordus, and Dalechamp
annot. Diosc. ; is “ stimulant and tonic,” continues to be “ employed as a diaphoretic and alterative”
(Lindl.) ; and was found by Forskal mat. med. well known in the drug-shops of Egypt.
Heimia salic folia of Me.xico. A Lythraceous herb called in Mexican “ hanchinol” (Lindl.), and
from early times regarded as a specific in venereal disorders, — acting as “ a powerful sudorific and
diuretic; ” observed by Humboldt and Bonpland n. g. vi. 192 growing on the volcano of Jorullo.
Sm ilax sarsaparilla of the Eastern declivity of the Mexican table-land. Its root the original
sarsaparilla, a remedy derived from the American tribes and called in Mexico “ zarzaparilla ”
(Schiede), growing — according to Humboldt »iii. 8 in the province of Vera Cruz; “ S. medica” rvas
observed by Schiede on the Eastern slope of the mountains, and was told that its roots are gathered
all the year long, dried in the sun, tied in bundles, and carried to Vera Cruz for export: off the Western
or Pacific toast of Mexico,*a ship laden with “ salsaperilla” was captured by Drake (Nuno da
Hoffm. germ., fl. Dan. pl. 825, Linn, lap., and Hook.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the
Peloponnesus and on mount Athos ; and is known to grow throughout Siberia (Gmel., and Pall.).
Farther East, is known to grow in Alaska (Wats.), on the Rocky mountains (E. James), at Cumberland
House Lat. 54° in central North America (Drumm.), on the shore of Lakes Superior and Huron
(A. Gray), in Greenland (Wats.) and Newfoundland (Lapyl), ceasing along the Atlantic in about Lat.
42° (Pursh, and myself).
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