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seram vavr” from growing plentifully on that island (Drur.), is probably one of the “ colour plants ”
seen by Nikitin in'the country around Calicut : * - H. umbellata was observed by Graham “ £mmmi
in the Concans ” as far as Bombay, its “ root used in dyeing red, purple, and brown orange ; by N
L. Burmann ind. 37, Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Simmonds, as far as Coromandel, cultivated
besides extensively, but on Ceylon “ the wild plant” considered preferable (Drur.); is known to
occur also on Java (Lindl). By European colonists, was carried to Mexico (Lmdl.).
Phaseolus aconitifolius oi Hindustan. Called in Yemen “ gotn” (Forsk.), in the environs of
Bombay “ mut” (Graham), in Hindustanee “ dal” (Badg.) ; and the “ dalon ” produced according to
Nikitin in Carabav,-is referred here by Badger edit. Varthem. p. 107: P. aconitifolius was received
bv Jacquin obs. pl. 52 from Tranquebar (Pers.) ; was observed by Ro,xburgh, and Wight, in peninsu-
la'r Hindustan as far as Bengal ; by Graham, “ cultivated in the Deccan and Goozerat ; ” by Forskal
p. 214, cultivated in Yemen for cattle-feed. Transported to Europe, is described by the younger
Linnæus, and is termed “ dolichos dissectus ” by Lamarck (Steud. : compare Cajanus flavus).
Curcuma amada oi Tropical Hindustan. The manga ginger is called in Bengalee “ amada
(Lindl), in the environs of Bombay “ kajula gauree ” (Graham),- and is probably one of the “ aroi£tic
roots” } seen by Nikitin in the country around Calicut: — C. amada is termed “ tommon manga by
* Morinda umbellata of Tropical Eastern Asia. A woody climber called in Tamil “ noona-
mariira,” in Telinga “ moolooghoodoo,” on the Deccan “ chota-alka ” (Drur.) ; and probably one of
the “ colour plants ” in question, -„a permanent yellow dye being obtained from its root : M. umbellata
was observed by Rheede vii. pl. 27 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in “ S. Concan ” (Grahrei), nearly
as far as Bombay; by Ainslie, Ro.xburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far^ as Travancore and Courfallum,
Farther East, by Loureiro in Anam, a red dye obtained by the addition of sappamwood, according to
Simmonds brilliant and very permanent. _ • „ /r» \ Moritida tomentosa of Southern Hindustan. A shrub called in Malabar “ munjenatie (Drur.) ;
and probably among the “ colour plants ” in question,-its wood known to take an excellent polish,
and a dye procured from it : — M. tomentosa was observed by Gibson “ at a village below Pooruntoer
Fort in the Deccan” (Graham) ; by Buchanan, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula; and by
Drury, “ common in Travancore.”
IVriditia tomentosa of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small Apocynoid tree, abounding m
yellow milky juice, and probably among the “ colour plants” in question:—W. to^ntosa was
observed by Rheede ix. pl 3 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, in “ the hilly parts of the Concan (Graham),
to and beyond Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the Circars, cloths dyed in its juice
preserving “ their colour for two years as bright and as fresh as at first” (Drur.) ; by Mason, m
Burmah. ,, .. , „ Cuscuta rejlexa of Hindustan. Called in the environs of Bombay “ akas pawan or ^ amurvel
(Graham); and possibly among the “ colour plants ”+n question, —being used medicinally, and
occasionally in dyeing: C. reflexa was observed by Powell in the Punjaub ; by Vaupell, “ common in
Guzerat on hedges and bushes by the roadside,” by Nimmo, and Graham, in “ the Concans and on
trees at MahabÎeshwur ; ” by Roxburgh cor. ii. pl. 104, as far as Silhet (Drur.). ^
P h y l l a n t h u s m u l t i j l o r u s oiTxopxcal Hindustan. A straggling shrub climbing where obtaining
the support of bushes, called in Tamil “ poola vayr puttay,” in Telinga “ nella-pooroogoodoo,” m Malabar
“ katou niruri ” (Drur.) ; and possibly among the “ colour plants ” in question, — Us roots sold m
bazaars for medicinal use, and the bark for dyeing reddish brown : P. multiflorus was observed hy
Rheede x. pl. 27 in Malabar; by Graham, “ water courses and other shady moist places in the
Concans ” to and beyond Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel and
allughas of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Scitamineous herb called in the
environs of Bombay “ taraka ” (Graham) ; and probably one of the “ aromatic roots ” in quertion, —
being employed medicinally :—observedbyRheedexi.pl. 14 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in S. on
can” (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Retz, Ainslie, and Simmonds, in other parts of Hindustan,
yielding “ an inferior sort of galingal" (Drur.) ; was received by Linnæus fl. zeyl from Ceylon
(Steud.) ; and was observed bv Mason in Burmah.
Zingiber zerumbet oi Tropical Ea.stern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A species of wiM
Piimer calleci in the environs of Bombay “ booteh ” or “ mahaburree booteh ” (Graham), in Bengalee
“ bStch” or “ mahaburee-butch” (Lindl), in Anam “ ngai xanh ” or “ ngai mat tloi ” (Lour.); ancl
probably one of the “ aromatic roots” in question:—Z. zerumbet was observed by Loureiro 3
Anam, both wild and cultivated, not edible, but applied externally in contusions and paiii in the limbs ,
is terrèed “ lampujum ” by Rumphius viii. pl 64; was observed by Blume rare in moist situations on
Java; by Blanco, on the Philippines, employed medicinally by the natives ; by myself, in the Malayan
Rumphius V. p. 169 ; was observed by Roxburgh in Bengal (Lindl), its root “ used as a carminative
and stomachic” (Drury) ; by Nimmo, in “ the Concans and Guzerat,” the “ fresh roots smelling like
green mangoes ” (Graham).
Zingiber cassumanar of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. The cassunianar,
called in Sanscrit “ vuna ardrukum,” in Bengalee and Hindustanee “ bun ada,” in Telinga “ karpush-
poo ” (Lindl), jrrobably among the “ aromatic roots ” in question : — Z. cassumanar was observed by
Graham “ in gardens Bombay,” and found by Nimmo “ wfld in the Concans,” by Koenig, and Roxburgh
as. res. xi. pl 7, a.s far as Bahar, Bengal, and Coromandel; by Blume, on the opposing portion
of Java; and is described by Rumphius v. pl. 65. The imported root according to Lindley “ once in
great repute ” in “ hysteric epileptic and paralytic disorders, but now out of use.”
“ 1471, Aug. 9th ” (Alst., and Nicol), Paulus II. succeeded by cardinal Francis d’ Albescola della
Rovere, now Sixtus IV., fifty-eighth jiope. — Sixtus IV. engaged in war, imposed on Naples the yearly
tribute of a white horse and trappings, and is supposed to be the first pope who “ placed his effigy on
the coins struck in his states.”
“ In this year” (Galvan.), in fulfilment of the Fernam Gomez lease, John de Santarem and John
Descouar sailed along the coast as far as Mina in “ 5° N.”
“ In this year” (Barbar. 37, and Remus, trav. C. Zeno 11), arrival at Venice of Azimamet, Morat,
Nicolo, and Chefarsa, four ambassadors sent by the Persian king Hassan Beg to induce the Venetians
to send a fleet against the Turks. Other European powers declining lo co-operate, Caterino Zeno was
elected ambassador, and departed to reside at the Persian court.
“ 1472 A. D.” (Galvan.), Fernando da Poo discovered the outlying island, called after him Fernando
Po.
“ About this time ” (Galvan.), the neighbouring islands of St. Thomas and Principe, situated
under the Equator, and the main land of Benin as far as Cape St. Catharine “ in 3° S.” discovered by
Sequeira, a servant of the king.
archipelago naturalized, but seemingly wild, in great abundance on the basal portion of the mountains
of the Feejeean, Samoan, and Hawaiian Islands, its presence on Tongatabu, a low coral-island, indicating
introduction by the natives. Westward from Anam, was observed by Mason indigenous in
Burmah ; by Roxburgh cor. iii. pl 201, wild in woods about Calcutta (Lindl.) ; by Rheede xj. pl. 13,
in Malabar ; by Graham, and Nimmo, “ wild in the Concan ” as far as Bombay. The imported roots
were formerly sold in the drug-shops of Europe under the name of rad. zerutnbeth, but are no longer
used (Lindl.) ; the transported plant is described by Blackwell pl 402, and Miller ii. pl. 25.
Kaenipferia galanga of Tropical Eastern Asia. Stemless with leaves spreading flat on the
ground, called in Sanscrit “ chundra-moolika” (Lindl), in the environs of Bombay “ chundra mulika”
or “ chanda mula” (Graham), in Tamil “ katsjolum” (Drur.); and probably among the “ aromatic
roots ” in question, — its root used medicinally and as a perfume : K. galanga was observed by Rheede
xi. pl. 41 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in “ S. Concan” (Graham) nearly as far as Bombay; by Burmann
pl. 13, on Ceylon ; by Kaempfer am. pl, 902, Retz, Ro.\burgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal, and besides
“ much cultivated in gardens ” (Drur.); “ said to be very common on the mountainous districts beyond
Chittagong,” and brought by the mountaineers to the markets of Bengal; observed by Mason indigenous
in Burmah and called “ kha-mung,” the roots for their perfume worn by Karen females, also
put with clothes, and used “ to a small extent medicinally ; ” by Loureiro i. 12, in Anam.
Kaempferia rotunda of Tropical Eastern Asia. Flowering while the plant is leafless, and called
in Tagalo “ dusog ” or “ dusod ” or “ dusu ” or “ guisol,” in Bisaya and Pampango “ guisol ” or “ cusol”
or “ clusul” (Blanco), in Burmah “ myoe-ban-touk ” (Mason), in Bengalee and Hindustanee “ blioo-
champa” or “ bhooi-champa,” in Sanscrit “ bhoo chumpuca” (Lindl.); and probably among the “ aromatic
roots” in question, — the root and whole plant being employed medicinally: K. rotunda was
observed by Rheede xi. pl. 9 in Malabar; by Graham, “ in gardens” at Bombay ; by Ainslie, Ro.xburgh,
Wight, and Drury, cultivated all over Hindustan for the beauty and fragrance of its flowers, but
nowhere wild. Farther East, was observed by Mason in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous; by
Blanco, under cultivation on the Philippines and the root used medicinally by the natives.
Curculigo orchioidcs of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A stemless grassleaved
Hypoxid plant called in Bengalee “ tamoolie” or “ telnoor moodol,” in Tamil “ nelapannay,” in
Telinga “ nala-tatta-gudda,” in Hindustanee “ niahmooslie ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay
“mooslee kuiid” (Graham) ; and pos.sibly among the “ aromatic roots” in question,—its root being
employed medicinally: C. orcliioides was observed by Rheede xii, pl. 59 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in
“ the Concans” (Graham), to and beyond Bombay; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury, in the “ peninsula
everywhere ” as far as Travancore ; by myself, as far as Singapore ; and by Rumphius vi. pl. 54,
on Amboyna (Pers.).