; p îhri'!
li isïi
f 1
I t
'» t
P '
S
d
4 3 0 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
in Peru ; is known to grow in the W est Indies (Pers.) ; was observed by Baldwin as far as N. Lat.
30° in Florida, by Chapman in “ fields and waste ground Florida and Northward,” and by Elliot as
far as Savannah. Transported to Europe, the “ helicacabum ” of Camerarius hort. med. pi. 17 is
referred here by Sprengel, and P. angulata is described by Dillenius elth. xiii. pl. 12. “ P. minima”
observed by Rheede x. pl. 71 in Malabar, described also by Hermann lugd.pl. 571 (P ers.), “ a
common annual ” around Bombay and “ covered with clammy liairs ” is yet regarded by Graham as
probably not distinct.
Euxolus niridis of Tropical America. A weed called in Brazil “ caruru ” (Lindl.) ; and known
to the Polynesians as early perhaps as this date : — observed by Lay and Collie on the Taheitian
Islands; by myself, on Metia and the Samoan Islands; is known to grow on Java (M oq.) ; was
observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, “ a common weed in gardens
and cultivated grounds,” but he gives no native name; is known to occur also near dwellings in
Abyssinia, North Africa, and as faras Europe and the Canary Islands. Eastward from the islands
of the Pacific, was observed by Marcgraf and Piso 241 before 1658 in Brazil, where it continues to
be used “ for emollient poultices ” (Lindl.) ; was received from Brazil and the W est Indies by Moquin
(D ec. herb, and prodr.).
Canna Indica of Tropical America. The scarlet-flowered Indian-shot is called in Malabar
“ katoo-bala,” in Tamil “ kull-valei-munnie,” in Telinga “ krishna-tamarah,” in Bengalee “ surbo-jaya
(Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ dew a-keli” or “ nana-keli” or “ vana-keli ” or “ akulbuera ”
(Graliam), in Burmah “ bud-da-tha-ra-na ” (Mason), in Tagalo “ cacuentasan ” or “ tica s” or “ ticas
ticas ” or “ tiquis tiquis ” (Blanco), in Carib “ couroualy ” or “ balyry ” or “ bacuacanga” (D esc.);
and known to the Polynesians as early perhaps as this date : — observed by myself cultivated by the
natives for ornament on the Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, and found by Rich
naturalized on the Samoan I.slands ; is termed “ cannacorus ” by Rumphius v. pl. 71 ; was observed
by myself in gardens at Manila ; by Mason v. 434 to 806 “ exotic” in Bnrmah, much cultivated by
the natives “ for the seeds which they use for sacred beads ; ” by Rheede xi. pi. 43, in Malabar ; by
Roxburgh, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, its root given to cattle that have eaten poisonous
grass ; by Graham, “ in gardens everywhere ” in the environs of Bombay, and sometimes called
Indian bead. Eastward from the islands of the Pacific, seeds were brought to Portugal from
the W est Indies in tlie early part of the Sixteenth century (C. Bauhin) ; “ its leaves are used to thatch
houses with in Cayenne” (Graham); and the living plant was seen in the W est Indies by Des-
coiirtilz ; by myself, seemingly wild in the environs of Rio Janeiro. By European colonists, may
have been carried to the Hawaiian Islands, where I found it only in the gardens of resident Whites.
Transported to Europe, is described by Gesner, Lobel, Camerarius, and Morison iii. pl. 14 ; has
become naturalized on Sicily (Guss,, Parlai., and A. D ec.) ; and was observed by Forskal, and
Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, its seeds sold in the drug-shops.
K yllingiapum ila of Tropical and Subtropical America. A diminutive Cyperaceous weed called
in Tagalo “ muthang anuang ” (B lanco); and except on secluded coral-islands, long familiarly
known to the Polynesians : — observed by myself in moist situations, as though accompanying
taro culture, on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, and Feejeean Islands, and in the Malayan archipelago
; by Blanco, frequent on the Philippines and known to the natives ; is known to occur on
lim or (D ecaisne); is described by Rumphius vi.p l. 8; was observed by Mason in Burmah; by
Rheede xii. pl. 53, in Malabar; by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan; by Graham, as far as
Bombay; by Forskal, “ schoenus dnbius ? spicar. capit. terminal.” on the mountains of Yemen ; by
Bojer, on Madagascar and the Comoro Lslands ; and is known to occur in Western Equatorial
Africa. (Benth. fl. nigr.). Eastward from the islands of the Pacific, was observed by myself in
Peru and Southern Brazil ; was received by Kunth from Caraccas ; was observed by Baldwin at
Bahia, and at Savannah in Georgia; by Pursh, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, “ wet
places Florida to North Carolina;” by Nuttall, along the Mississijipi ; by Short, in Kentucky; and
by Michaux, as far as the Scioto. By European colonists, was carried to St. Helena, observed there
by myself ; to the Mauritius Islands (enumerated by Bojer as indigenous).
Cenchrus echinatus of Tropica] and Subtropical America. A spiked bur grass called in Yemen
with other burs “ hobb el adjais ” (Forsk.), in Tagalo “ aguingai ” (Blanco), and carried to the
iriands of the Pacific as early perhaps as this date: — received by Cavanilles v. pl. 463 from Babao
(Tongan Islands); observed by myself abundantly naturalized on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Tongan,
and Feejeean Islands ; by Blanco, at Batangas, and received also from Luzon by Kunth i. 166 "by
Benlham from Hindustan ; observed by Forskal p. 25 at Menejræ in Yemen ; and known to occur
in cultivated ground in Western Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. nigr.) and Barbary (P ers.). Eastward
from the islands of the Pacific, is known to grow in Mexico, Cumana, Brazil, tlie West
Indies (K unth); was observed by Elliot in South Carolina; by Chapman, in “ fields and waste
grounds Florida to North Carolina.” By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands,
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 4 3 1
where it has become naturalized (Boj., and A. Dec.). Transported to Europe, is described in 1696
by Plukenet aim. pl. 92.
“ 108 B. C. = 4th year of the war with Jugurtha, Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus and C.
Licinius Geta censors at R om e” (Sm. b. d,). Not earlier than this date, the Licinian sumptuary
law, assigning a limit to “ the expense of eating for each particular day.” The law is attributed to
P. Licinius Crassus, whose brother M. Licinius Crassus — became praetor in the following year; it
was abolished “ B. C. 9 8 ” (A. Gell. ii. 24, Val. Max. ii. 9. 5, Blair, and Sm. b. d.).
The law is mentioned by the poet Lucilius, — who died “ B C. 103” (Hieronym. chron.).
Chenopodium rubrum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain with other
sgoCios goosefoot (Prior), in Germany “ gänsefuss” (Grieb) ; and the CHAENOPADASo f Lucilius,
— and Macrobius, is referred here by writers : C. rubrum is described by Morison ii. pl. 31, is termed
“ c. pes anserinus primus ” by Tournefort inst. 506, and is known to occur in waste and cultivated
ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 1149, Curt. lond. vi. pl. 20, and
Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp along walls at Constantinople; and by Forskal around
Cairo in Egypt. (Compare C. album.)
“ 107-6 B. C.” (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399). The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy IX. A lexander,
occur on the monuments ; but his reign is included in that of his brother Ptolemy VIII. (see
below).
“ 105 B. C.,” date of a deed for the sale of a piece of land (discovered in Egypt and translated by
Champollion-Figeac p. 439). The deed is accompanied with evidence, of the existence already of the
system of public Registry.
“ 104 B. C. = 1st year of the ‘ tai-tsou ’ of W ou-ti” (Chinese chron. table). Sse-ma-thsian
about this time commencing his great historical work, called the “ Sse-ki ” — (Pauth. p. 246).
The same year ( = “ í6gth Ol.” of Marcian peripl. Menipp. 3), Artemidorus of Ephesus writing.
Pie had visited “gathéira” (Cadiz) and “ lérou akröteriöu ” (Cape Sagra), and describes the Spanish
women as equalling the men in manliness, a point “ in common with the Celts, Thracians, and Scythians,”
working in the fields, and not quitting even during parturition.
The East African coast beyond “ Nötöu kéras” (Cape Gardafui opposite Socotra), unknown in
the time of Artemidorus— (Strab. xvi. 4. 14).
Bambusa sp. of Equatorial Africa. A species of bamb 0; and “ kalamön inthikön ” used for
bows on the upper waters of the Nile, is mentioned by Artemidorus: — “ kalamous” like the
“ inthikois” were sent home by Bogus to his wife (Strab. xvi. 4. 9 to xvii. 3. 5) : B. sp. was observed
by Grant near the Eastern coast on the “ Usagara hills 6° 30' S., and not again till 3° 15' N .” on the
Nile, growing in thick clumps fifteen to twenty feet high, and used for houses, baskets, bows, and
spear-handles.
Dalbergia melanoxylon of Equatorial Africa. A small tree called in the Kinyoro language
“ m’teendeea,” in the Suahili “ m’pingo,” at Ugogo “ m’gem beh” (Grant); and the arrows “ pépurak-
tóm énois” hardened in the fire, used according to Artemidorus by the same naked people — (Strab.
xvi. 4. 9), may be compared: D. melanoxylon was observed by Grant “ from 5° S. to 5° N .” on the
Nile, its hard heavy wood, impervious to insects, used for rafters, arrow-tips, wooden hammers for
beating bark cloths, and its “ root a cure for toothache.” Westward, was observed by Guillemin and
Perrotet in Senegambia.
Acacia hórrida of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen “ orfota ” (F orsk.); and the “ sturax ”
produced according to Artemidorus on the African side of the entrance to the Red S e a— (Strab. xvi.
4. 13), may be compared: A. hórrida was observed by Forskal p. 177 along the base of tlie mountains
of Yemen, its wood and “ resina” employed in epilepsy as a fumigation, also in curing Guinea-
worm, a disease called “ sora ” and the worm “ ork.” Transported to Europe, the plant is described
by Plukenet aim. iii. pi. 121, and Jacquin hort. iii. 75 (Pers., and Steud.).
lie n s populifolia of Tropical Arabia. A tree called in Yemen “ mudah” or “ vudah,” but by
resident Banyans “ baresch” (F orsk.); and possibly the “ iéron aigSiröna” already in the days of
Artemidorus on the African side of the entrance to the Red S ea— (Strab. xvi. 4. 14) : F. popuh-
folia was observed by Forskal p. 180 among the mountains at Wadi Zebid, the dried leaves bruised
and used for tanning, and matchlock cords made from the bark. Eastward, “ F. cordifolia” called
“ pair” in the environs of Bombay (Graham), and “ nyoung-gyat” in Burmah, where it is usually
substituted for F. religiosa near “ religious edifices” (Mason), may be compared. (See F. religiosa )
Laurus {Oreodaphne) cupularis of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. A very large tree
called in commerce “ cinnamon of the Isle of F rance” (Lindl.) or by French residents “ bois de
canelle ” (Aubl.) ; and the 'PEYAOKACIAN attributed by Artemidorus to the African side of the
entrance to the Red S ea— (Strab. xvi. 4. 14), may be compared: O. cupularis is known to grow in
woods on the islands of Mauritius and Bourbon (Aublet i. 363, Lam., and Pers.), and on Madagascar,
its wood “ strong scented” (Lindl.).
............... I
I'.!'?' U * \
• ' L a ^ ' Í Í