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The “ aröura ” is further described by Horapollo as a measure of land containing a hundred
cubits : land-surveying therefore practised at this early date in Egypt.
Thirty-first generation. May ist, 3267, among living men:
“ In the reign of N ih irö p h e s ” (Maneth.), revolt of the Lybians (Westward of the Nile) ; but
“ alarmed at the moon increasing unexpectedly, they surrendered.”
3240 B. C. ( = 3241 in calendar years = 3212 J - “ 2 9 ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Nfihärö-
phes succeeded by Tösörthrös or Sä.sörthos, secönd king of the ^hircl dynasty; and by the
Egyptians esteemed as or called “ Aesculapius on account of his medical skill.” The name
of king Seser-en-ra occurs in tombs South of the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth pyramids
(Glidd. analect.).
Thirty-second generation. Sept. ist, 3234, among living men :
Hewn ox squared stone first employed in building by Tösörthrös (Maneth.). For squaring the
harder kinds of stone, metallic tools are indispensable ; and the nearest source of supply is the copper
at Wadi Maghara in the Sinai peninsula, already mentioned.
Tösörthrös also bestowed care on or improved the writing (Maneth.). As in all subsequent
improvements, the result was probably increased facility.
In painting hieroglyphic characters, the animals may at first have been distinguished by their
natural colours, — as in a mummy-case found by Gliddon at Sakkarah ; but as early as the
Fourth dynasty, hieroglyphic characters have conventional colours (see Leps. d. ii. pl. 19 to 22).
3211 B, C. ( = 3212 in calendar years == 3205 -)- “ 7 ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Tösörthrös
g 0 succeeded by Turis, third king of the Third dynasty. — The name of “ T u r e s ” occurs on
monuments of the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. k. pl. 24).
3204 B. C. (= 3 2 0 5 in calendar years = 3 i8 8 - | - “ 1 7 ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Turis
succeeded by Mösöhris, fourth king of the Third dynasty.
K - Y Thirty-third generation. Jan. ist, 3200, among living men :
3187 B. C. ( = 31SS in calendar years 3172 -|- “ 16 ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Mösöhris
succeeded by Söuphis, fifth king of the Third dynasty. — The accompanying oval is referred
here in Poole’s hor. /Eg. p. 221 ; and was observed by myself under the Twelfth dynasty at
Benihassan. A hieratic papyrus (in the possession of Lepsius Eg. and Sin. p. 395) containing
the names “ of Chufu and Snefru of the Third Manethonic dynasty, and three other kings
probably belonging to the same dynasty, all cited as dead.”
3171 B. C. {— 3172 in calendar years 3153 -1- “ 19 ” of the Afr.-Maneth, table), Söuphis
succeeded by Tösörtasis, sixth king of the Third dynasty.
Thirty-fourth generation. May ist, 3167, among living men :
3152 B. C. ( = 3153 in calendar years = 3111 -f- “ 4 2 ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), TosSr-
tasis succeeded by Ahes, seventh king of the Third dynasty.
Thirty-fifth generation. Sept. ist, 3134, mostly beyond youth: “ Hapenmat ” mother of
king Snofru (Leps. k. pl. 5).
3110 B. C. ( = 3 1 1 1 in calendar years = 3081 -f- “ 30” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ahes
X . succeeded by Sephouris, eighth king of the Third dynasty. The name of king “ Snofru ” has
been found on contemporaneous monuments.— He is the earliest king mentioned in the sculptures
of the necropolis at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pl. 2, 16, and 17 . . . . ) ; and precedes Sehura
in the series of kings at Karnak.
King Snofru carried on war in or beyond the Sinai peninsula : as appears from his name
and portrait at Wadi Maghara, representing him in the act of smiting a bearded foreigner belonging
to the White Race, as already mentioned. Mines of turquoise occur at Wadi Maghara,—■
and according to Brugscli continue to be worked (bibl. Orient, ii. 177).
“ 3102, midnight Feb. 17th to l8 th ” ( . . . . Burgess), beginning of the last kali-yug of the
Hindus. — The “ year 4900 ” of the kali-yug “ ended on the 12th of April 1799 ” (Bentley as. res. viii.
p. 212).
The above date is possibly to be regarded as the real commencement of Hindu historical record,
for the “ one hundred and fifty-three” kings anterior to Sandracottus (Megasth., and Arrian ind. 9)
will give an average reign of more than eighteen years.
Thirty-sixth generation, Jan. ist, 3100, mostly beyond youth :
Building by Snofru of one of the great pyramids at Dashur (Leps. k. synops. 4). Its construction
may afford evidence of knowledge of geometry. In fact, the leading truths in mathematical science
appear fo have been nearly all found out. Furtlier evidence of knowledge of geometry has been
given under this dynasty in the hieroglyphic character of the quarter-acre : — and Herodotus ii. 109
(writing before the time of Euclid) expresses the opinion, That the Greeks obtained their knowledge
o f geometry from the Egyptians.
K calendar al.so in use, as appears from “ signs of the seasons and their months” on stones
of this pyramid (Leps. chron.). The hieroglyphic character of the date-palm with four leaves
(according to Horapollo i. 3), should represent a four-months period, and therefore an Egyptian
season. It continues in use — until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d, ii. pL 2, and k. pi. 5 to
67). The four-years period or “ olumpias,” may however be compared; especially as the word
“ ôlumpias” is said to be Egyptian.
The division of the day into “ hours, minutes, seconds, and 6oths of a second,” may also have
been in use : according to Lepsius, this division was known to the Egyptians from an early perio^d.
3080 B. C, ( = 3081 in calendar years = 3055 “ 26 ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Sephouris
succeeded by Kërphërës, ninth king of the Third dynasty. — The name of king Khuf-ra occurs
in hieratic characters (Leps. k. pl. 7).
Thirty-seventh generation. May 1st, 3067, mostly beyond youth :
-b— 3054 B. C. ( = 3055 in calendar years = 2498 “ 203 — 100 -|- 6 -|- 448 ” in the Euseb.-
Maneth. table), Kërphërës succeeded by Sôris, head of a new dynasty ; another Memphite
dynasty. The name of king “ Sor ” on the monuments is identified with Sôris by Lepsius
k. pl. 5.
Thirty-eighth generation. Sept. ist, 3034, mostly beyond youth :
3025 B. C. (— 3026 in calendar years = 3055 — “ 29 ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Sôris
succeeded by Souphis II. or Cheops, second king of the Fourth dynasty. The name of
Cliufu occurs at Wadi Maghara, and in the necropolis at Gizeh ; where lie follows Snofru and
precedes all the other kings mentioned there : — his name occurs also Shech Said, and on later
. monuments and genealogical tablets (Leps. d. ii. pl. 2, 10, 16, 18, 50, 55, 76, and 112).
Having selected Gizeh for the site, Chufu commencing the Great pyramid, 746 feet square at
base, by 450 feet high (Birch). The necropolis around appears also to have been planned, and some
of the tombs constructed during his reign.
The internal passages and chambers of the Great pyramid are of sienite; procured of course at
the First cataract of the Nile, and floated in barges all the way down the river.
The base of the Great pyramid is said to conform to an exact meridian line ; and other details
in the construction, are given as evidence of advancement in astronomical science.
“ On monuments of the Fourth and Fifth dynasties,” the length of the cubit was ascertained to
be “ five hundred and twenty-four millimetres : ” the standard weights and measures being those —
known in later times among the Babylonians and Persians.
From the contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh, the wealthier Egyptians are found in good part
devoted to pastoral pursuits. Agricultural occupations are however represented ; with persons
engaged in curing fish. Burdens are carried by a balance-beam on the shoulder : — as to the present
day among the Polynesians.
Hornless cattle. Bos taurus, now make their appearance, figured in herds under the Fourth
dynasty — (Leps. d. pl. 22 and 9) : figures continue on the monuments under the . . . . dynasty. I
have sometimes seen hornless cattle in America, but do not know, whether tliey constitute a distinct
breed. (See Socotra).
A wooden statue of the time of the Fourth dynasty and remarkable as a work of art was found
by Mariette 77 to have been originally covered with a thin layer of “ stuc.” The smooth hard stucco
called around the Indian Ocean chunam was observed by myself to have been in use in Egypt from
the commencement of Monumental history ; — and to the present day well known along the coasts of
Arabia, employed even for sheathing sliips ; well known also from ancient times in Hindustan, being
the material on which the paintings in the Adjunta cave-temples were executed.
In an inscription enumerating offerings by king Chufu, mention is made of images worked in ivory
(Mariette 77). The material was of course procured from the African elephant on the Upper Nile.
The skull of Prince Merhet, of Chufu’s family, — discovered with evidence of its identity by
Lepsius (Eg. and Sin. p. 62).
Souphis II. succeeded by Souphis I I I ., third king of the Fourth dynasty. The name of
king Chnemu-chufu occurs in contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh ; and in this necropolis, — and
on the subsequent monuments, he is invariably placed next after Chufu (Leps. d. ii. pl. 50).
Chnemu-chufu carried on war in or beyond the Sinai peninsula ; as appears from his name
I and portrait at Wadi Maghara, where he is represented in the act of smiting the above-
mentioned bearded nation belonging to the White Race (Leps. d. ii. pl. 2).
The name of Chnemu-chufu occurs in quarry-marks on stones of the Great pyramid ; in one
instance, accompanied by the name of his predecessor. Chnemu-chufu therefore completed the
Great pyramid ; and apparently, from the central chamber upward.
These original quarry-marks rudely drawn with red chalk, further demonstrate : That hieroglyphic
writing was in general use, was rapidly executed, and was the only kind of writing known.
Thirty-ninth generation. Jan. ist, 3000, mostly beyond youth :
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