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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
on grassy liills in Dalmatia; and is known to grow on the plains of the Crimea (Bieb.). Westward,
the “ mëkôn rô ia s ” or “ ô.xutônôn ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ papavëraiis ” of the
Romans : P. dubium is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced from Greece Westward, continuing
unknown in 1837 in Sardinia, and in 1847 in Algeria; but had reached Britain before the
days of Gerarde; is termed “ p. erraticum capite longissimo g lab ro ” by Tournefort inst. 238; was
observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to occur in Italy and throughout middle Europe
as far as Denmark, always in cultivated ground (fl. Dan. pl. 902, Jacq. austr., Pers., and Lenz). By
European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed in cultivated
ground in our Middle and Southern States (A. Gray, and Chapm.).
Papaver rhoeas of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain corn poppy or redmeed or
cop-rose (Prior), in Germany “ klapperose ” or “ klatschrose ” (Grieb.), in France “ coquelicot”
(Nugent), in Italy “ rosolaccio” or “ papavero erratico” or “ p. se lvatico” (Lenz), in Greece “ papa-
rôuna” or on Cyprus “ pëtënôs” (Sibth.), and possibly the plant in question : — the “ mëkôn roias ”
is described by Theophrastus ix. 12. 4 as an “ a g r ia ” kind springing up in cultivated ground and
bearing a red flower, the capsule as large as a finger-nail; the “ mëkôn agria,” by Dioscorides iv. 65
as havîng black seeds and by some called “ pithitis,” or from its flowing juice “ rôias : ” P. rhoeas
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to
Cyprus, colouring whole tracts of country with its flowers at the opening of spring ; by Bieberstein,
in waste places and cultivated ground in the Crimea ; by C. A. Meyer, in wild situations near Baku,
Southeast of Caucasus; and by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the
“ rhoeam” of the Greeks is identified by Pliny xix. 53 and xx. 77 with the “ papaver erraticum”
g r o w i n g in cultivated ground : P. rhoeas was already in Britain in the days of Qerarde ; is termed
“ p. erraticum majus” by Tournefort inst. 238 ; was observed by Gussone naturalized on Sicily, but
elsewhere occurs throughout Western Europe only as a weed in grain-fields (Pers., and A. Dec.).
Eastward from Caucasus, is regarded as the “ lala ” of the Persian poets and is called “ lala ” by the
Muselmen of Hindustan, as observed by Law “ in gardens at Surat and Broach ” (Graham) ; was
observed by Kaempfer. and Thunberg, in flower-vases in Japan or sometimes springing up spontaneously,
and called “ reisjun ” or usually “ bidsinsoo.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues under cultivation as a garden flower. The plant according to
Pereira, and Lindley, “ is not known to be narcotic,” the syrupus rhoeados made from the petals
being “ useful merely as a colouring matter.”
802 B. C. ( = 795 + “ 7 yrs ” of Castor in Euseb. = 350 “ iS + 39 ” + erased 6 + “ 124 +
177 44 44 yrs ” of the Egyptian Chronicle, the Eg. Chronicle also giving 822 — “ 19 yrs ” = 803
= 7 5 9 “ 44 yrs ” of the Eg. Chron. and Euseb.-Maneth. table = 828— “ 25 yrs.” of the same
table), at Athens Ariphron succeeded by his son Thespieus, now tenth archon for life.
Aegys on the frontier of Arcadia, conquered by Charilaus and his colleague Archelaus, seventh
Spartan king in the Agid line. An oracle delivered to the two kings jointly, is preserved by Oeno-
maus (in Euseb. pr. v. 32 p. 226).
One hundred and fifth generation. Jan. ist, 800, mostly beyond youth : the prophet Zechariah
(2 Chron. xxvi. 5).
“ 799 B. C.” ( = 758 - f “ 25 + 16 ye ars ” of Diodor., Euseb., and Clint, i. p. 130 and 160), Telestes
being as yet a boy, death of his father Aristomedes or Aristodemus, and the accession of Agemon as
ninth king of Corinth.
In the reign of Uzziah, an important change in warfare, through the invention of the catapult ;
described in 2 Chron. xxvi. 15 as “ engines to shoot arrows and great stones,”
795 B. C. ( = 778 + “ 17 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 137, and of Syncell), at Athens, Thespieus
succeeded by his son Agamestor, eleventh archon for life. “ Tw en ty ” years are however
assigned to Agamestor by Eusebius.
The Spartans prospering under tlie Laws of Lycurgus became desirous of extending their authority
over the Arcadians, and on consulting the Oracle were informed. That they could measure the
territory of Tegea with a “ shôinô ” rope. Accordingly under the lead of Charilaus they attacked
Tegea, and were defeated ; but the Oracle was fulfilled through captive Spartans being bound with
the"rope brought for the above purpose. Part of this rope — was preserved in the temple of Minerva
at Tegea to the time of Herodotus i. 66 (Pausan, iii. 2 to viii. 48, and Sm. b. d.).
Scirpus (Isolepis) holoschoenus of the seashore along the Mediterranean and adjoining portion
of the Atlantic. A sort of rush called in France “ scirpe jo n c ” (Fée), in Greece “ kôphô vrôulô ”
(Forsk.) or “ kôuphôvrëlôs ” (Sibth.) or “ kôuphôvôurlôs ” (F ra a s ); and probably furnishing the
“ shôinô” rope in question : — “ shôininôs” made of rushes, is mentioned by Euripedes cycl. 268;
and “ shôiniôn ” cord, by Aristophanes acharn. 22, and Demosthenes 1 145. 6 : the “ ôiôshôinôs ” is
described by Theophrastus iv. 12. I to ix. 12. i as sharp-pointed, fleshy and soft and therefore more
useful for textile purposes, is enumerated by Dioscorides iv. 52 as the third kind of “ shôinôs ëlëia ; ”
O F A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 2 0 5
S. holoschoenus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the sands of
the seashore from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, “ vincla juncea ” are
mentioned by Ovid . . . ; the “ ôiôshôinôs ” is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the “ iôugkôum
marinôum ” or “ manualëm ” of the Romans ; and tlie “ holoschoenos ” is enumerated by Pliny xxi.
69 to 71 as a kind of “ iuncus : ” S. holoschoenus is termed “ iuncus acutus maritimus ” by C. Bauhin
theatr. 174, “ s. maritimus capitulis rotundioribus glomeratis ” by Tournefort inst. 528; is known
to grow in Italy, Algeria, and along the Atlantic as far even as Britain (Pluk. pl. 40, Jacq. austr. pl.
448, Pers., Spreng., and Engl. bot. pl. 1612). “ S. Romanus ” having a slender stem, and known to
grow from Siberia to Rome and Southern France (Pers.), observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from
the Dardanelles throughout the Greek islands, is regarded as not distinct.
Fumaria parviflora of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ staktëri ”
or “ kapnôhôrtô” or “ kapnô” (Sibth ), in which we recognize the “ kapnos ” identified in Syn.
Diosc. with the “ k n u x ” or “ tôukin” of the Egyptians : — F. parviflora was observed by Delile
around Cairo in Egypt. Farther North, the “ kapnôs ” is described by Dioscorides as a little bushy
herb resembling coriander, altogether tender, the flower purple, juice improving vision and inducing
tears, and hence the name ; is mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta : F. parviflora was
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding everywhere in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus
throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the “ kapnôs ” or “ kapnôgorgiôn ” or “ hëlithôniôn
mikron” or përistëriôn ” or “ köruthaliön agrión ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ apioum ” of
the Romans ; the description by Pliny xxv. 99 of “ capnos fruticosa ” is chiefly taken from Dioscorides
; F. parviflora is described by Clusius hispan, p. 375, and Tournefort inst. 422 ; is known to occur
in cultivated ground in Italy, and throughout middle' Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 590,
Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Egypt, is called in the environs of Bombay “ pitpatra,” and was
observed there by Lush, and Gibson (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight, in other parts of
Hindustan, having according to Drury “ long been acclimatised” as far even as the Neilgherries,
Bengal, and Nepaul, and employed medicinally.
Seduvi amplexicaule of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ amaranton ”
(Fraas) ; the “ aëizôôn tô mikron,” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ ëtiëikëlta ” of the Egyptians,
and according to Dioscorides growing on walls and rocks, its root giving out many stems full of
small terete sharp-pointed leaves, the central flower-stern a span high bearing a cyme of greenish-
yellow flowers, is referred here by Fraas ; S. amplexicaule was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, frequent on walls and in stony places in Attica and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the
“ aëizôôn tô mikron ” or “ pëtrôphuës ” or “ vrôtiôn ” or “ thëôvrôtiôn ” or “ krôvussôn ” or “ hëimër-
inën ” or “ këraunia ” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ vitalis ” or “ ërva sëmpërviva ” of
the Romans ; the account by Pliny xxv. 102 of the “ aizoum " or “ sempervivum minus ” seems taken
from Dioscorides, but he adds that the root is useless ; and S amplexicaule was observed near Naples
by Tenore (Bory).
Peiicedanum cervaria of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Germany “ hirschwurz ”
(L enz ); the “ ëlaphôvôskôn ” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ hemis ” of the Egyptians,—
and according to Dioscorides cropped by deer as an antidote against snake-bites, its stem resembling
that of “ marathrö” or “ livanötithi,” leaves “ tërëvinthôu’’-like and roughish, umbels of yellowish
flowers and “ anëthô ’’-like seeds, its white sweet root three fingers long by one thick esculent
as well as the young stem, is referred here by Delarbre p. 429 : P. cervaria is known to grow
in Greece (Lenz). Westward, the “ ëlaphôvôskôn” or “ ëlaphikôn” or “ nëphriôn” or “ ôphigë-
nión” or “ ôphiôktônôn ” or “ ërpuxë” or “ lumë” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ askaoukau”
of the Numidians, and “ kërvi ôkëllôum ” or “ kë rv ina ” of the Romans; the “ elaphoboscon ”
pointed out by deer is described by Pliny xxii. 37 and xxv. 52 as an esculent ferulaceous plant
with leaves of “ olusatri,” and medicinal properties not mentioned by Dioscorides are enumerated ;
P. cervaria is described by Tragus, and Lobel (Spreng.) ; was observed by Viviani in North Africa
(Steud.) ; by Lenz, throughout Italy ; and is known to grow in fallow ground in mountainous
situations from Austria and Switzerland to the Pyrenees (Jacq. austr. pl. 69, Roth, Scop.^ Hall.,
h s d i annuum of the mountains of Southern Europe. A kind of wild parsley called in Germany
“ bergsilge,” in Greece “ agrios maithanôs ” (F ra a s ): the “ ôrëôsëlinôn ” identified in Syn. Diosc.
with "he"“ anónim ” of the Egyptians, — and described by Theophrastus vii. 6. 4 as having a slender
root, leaves like “ kônëiô,” fruit “ anëthôn ’’-like but smaller and emmenagogue, by Dioscorides as a
span high growing in stony mountainous situations, and having oblong aromatic “ kuminö’’-like
fruits, ntentioned also by Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Fraas: S. annuum was observed by
Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains of Attica and Cyprus. Westward, the “ orëosëlinon ” or
pëtrôsëlinôn a grión ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ apioum” of the Romans; but the
account of the “ oreoselinon” by Pliny xx. 46 seems taken from the G re ek: S. annuum is described
.if*’ 41
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