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occurs under cultivation only : is known to grow wild in Spain (Matthiol. comm. 537, Ludwi» ect.
pi. 14, P er/, and Spreng.). According to Lindley, the plant “ seems to be a genuine disiac.” (See Origanum Sipyleum). “ feline aphrol
“ 36, before the passover” (J. R. B. in Kitt. cyd. bibl.), Pontius Pilate, “ sixth Roman procurator
of Judæa, removed from office by the Roman general Vitellius.
The same year, (see Acts ix. 24, 2 Cor. xi. 32, Galat. i. iS, Alst., and Neand. in Kitt. cycl bibl )
Damascus held by the Arabian king Aretas III. of Petra, and the return of “ S au l” or Paul to lenV
Salem; where he abode with Peter -‘ fifteen days,” but of the other apostles saw “ none, save James
A c t s / 30) ° ft"®’ '■ ” proceeded “ into the regions of Syria and Cilicia ” (compare
“ 37, March i6th ” (Tacit., and Clint.), Tiberius succeeded by Caius Caligula, third Roman
emperor, from Egypt, Caligula removed an obelisk to Rome (Plin. xvi. 76. 2). His hierodyphic
ovals occur on temples at Dendera, Philæ, and Talmis in Nubia.
His prefect over Egypt, Publius Avilius Flaccus, is named in a Greek inscription at Dendera.
Lemiia Polyrhiza of Northern climates. Called in Egypt “ ads-el-ma,” and pos.sibly known there
as early as this year the “ adschma” is mentioned by Gafeki, and Ebn Baitar; ancl L. polyrhiza
was observed by Forskal, and Deliie, at Rosetta. Westward, is described by Vaillant pl. 20, and
Micheli X V I . ph I I ; and is known to grow floating on still or stagnant water from Switzerland to
Sweden and Russia Pers. and W ats.). Farther W est, is known to occur in our Atlantic States
fiom Lat 43 to Florida, and inland as far as Arkansas (E ll, Chapm, Nutt., and myself), but accord-
mg to A Gray has not ,n America been found flowering. Probably by European colonists and
thiough the cultivation of semi-aquatic plants introduced into Madeira (Lemann, and A. D ec.).
y m n a p b b a oi Northern climates. Its frond plano-convex, more resembling a lentil, and possii
bly the original ads-el-ma,” - becoming in English ■water-leniil (Prior), in Germany “ vvasserlinse ”
(Gneb), in France ‘-lentille sauvage” (Nugent): L. gibba was observed by Delile around Rosetta in
Ep-pt ; known to grow also in Northern Asia. Westward, is described by Micheli xvi. pi. 11 and
Wolf p. 26 ; and IS known to grow in Switzerland and throughout middle Europe as far as Ireland and
Sweden (1 ers., and W ats.). Farther West, was observed by Webb phyt. iii. p. 297 on the Canary
Islands; and is known to grow in North America from Western New York to Cumberland House
iifnr. mLaint.o r5)4. (Pursh, and A. Gray), but according to A. Gray has not been found flowerin» (See
In or about diis year (Acts x. i fo 45, and xv. 7), at Cæsarea, in the presence of Peter, the Roman
centurion Cornelius, and others, the gift of tongues and the gospel extended to the Gentiles.
IIh e word7 it o frtVhe 0Je ~ws “ o"fnt ly ; but s’o’ m"fte “ of ’‘Cft yprust haen dd isCciyprleens ef”i rcsto m“ isncga ttteor eAdn atiborcoha,d c ”o ijlDverreasicohneds
T U / / t o /m t o d i ""fi Barnabas sent from Jerusalem, brought “ S au l” or Paul from
“ 39 A- D .” (Jos and Clint.), Herod Antipas tetrarch of Galilee, deposed and banished by the
emperor Caligula ; who appointed Herod Agrippa ruler over Galilee.
_ “ The same year” (Jos., and C lint), arrival in Rome of “ five ambassadors” from Alexandria-
Apion the grammarian and Philon Judaeus being among the number. ’
Linaria viilgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain toadflax (Prior)
m France^ .ft""'™ '" Germany “ lynkraut” or “ flachskraiit” or “ harnkraut” (T rag.), in’
-gypt æisj ei mæ ik ^ (fo rsk .) ; and the “ cynocephaliam herbam” of Apion the grammarian used
in Egypt against all poisoning and called “ osirites ” — (Plin. xxx. 6), is referred here by Tra»us : the
^^cynocephahum ’ is identified by Apuleius Barbarus 86 with the “ antirrhinon ” or “ ametiston ” or
pithecion or “ cams cerebrum ” or “ osireos taphen ” : L. vulgaris is figured in the Ortus Sanitatis
23 and 261 and is descnbed by Braunsweig, Tragus i. pl. 117, Fuchsius 585, and D odoens; is termed
iinaria vulgm-is lutea flore majore ” by Tournefort inst. 170 ; and is known to occur in waste ground
from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 982, and Pers.) ; was observecl by Sibthorp in
rntedd before 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeas*t A "ftm erica ; where it has becoBmye Efruerqoupeenatn inco lwoansitsets ,a wnda s cuealtrivated
ground, and in Pennsylvania is called Ransted w eed(Shecutt. and A. Dec.). In London accordin»
to Burnett occasionally boiled in milk to destroy flies (Lindl.). “
ffii rstI **c a0ll0ed1 0C0h r0ist0ian” s at Antioch. Eusetob iuthse prleaicgens othf eC floauudniduisn, gA “cbtsy xPi.e t2e6r t”o o2f8 )t,h'teh eC hduisrccliip loesf
Antioch, in the “ third” year of Caius, and tlie “ two hundred and fourth ” Olympiad.
“ 40 A; D .” (Sueton., Dio, and Clint,), the emperor Caligula at Lugdunum (Lyons in France) on
U h fo fU f'Îhe“je °w £ * ft*'"®’ '"‘"'■'’iew with Herod Agrippa interceding in
“ In this year” (Burm. hist., and Mason 41), Ramunsalingda succeeded by his younger brother
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A LS A N D P L A N T S. 4 7 9
Bæringda as Burmese king. — W ho went to Tekkatho (Taxila on the Upper Indus), where he became
skilled in the knowledge of the Vedas. He reigned “ twelve ” years.
“ 41, Jan. 24th ” (Sueton., Clem. Alex., and Clint.), Caius Caligula succeeded by Claudius, fourth
Roman emperor. The hieroglyjrhic ovals of Claudius occur on temples at Dendera, Esneh, Edfu, and
Philæ.
The celebrated Series o f Egyptian coins, of so much service to history and chronology, begins
with the reign of Claudius. — Nearly every year of the next two hundred and fifty-eight is accounted
for; on coins inscribed with the year of the reigning emperor, often too in a variety of patterns
issued.
“ Before the close of the year ” (Jos., and Clint,), Samaria and Judæa added to the district governed
by Herod Agrippa.
42 A. D. (“ in the first year of Claudius, two thousand and fifty seventh ann. Abr., and two hundred
and fifth Olymp.” of Euseb.), Christianity introduced into Alexandria and Egypt by the evangelist
Mark, “ Peter’s interpreter.”
“ In the second 'year of Claudius” (according to Hieronymus sc. ecc.), Peter proceeded lo
Rome. As Rome and “ Babylon ” are considered identical by some writers, it may here be remarked ;
that the “ Babylon” of i Peter v. 13 is clearly the military station — bearing the name to the present
day, and situated not far from Cairo. While in Egypt, I heard of “ remarkable Christian relics”
discovered in the vicinity, but did not see them.
“ 43 A. D .” (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), expedition of Claudius into Britain, and conquest of
“ V ectem ” (Isle of Wight) ; Vespasian being one of the Roman commanders. Claudius was accompanied
by his physician, Scribonius Largus (Sm. b. d.).
Cerastium vulgatum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain viouse-ear chickweed
(Prior), and the A V R I C V LA E • M V R I N A E prescribed against calculus by Scribonius Largus 153,—
and identified in Syn. Diosc. ii. 214 with the “ lavOtholavath ” of the Numidians, may be compared :
the “ myosoton ” is described by Pliny xxvii. 8 as beginning to grow in midwinter and drying up in
midsummer : C. vulgare is termed “ auricula muris ” by Dodoens (C. Bauhin, and Willd.), “ myosotis
arvensis hirsuta parvo flore” by Tournefort inst. 245 ; and is known to grow in North Africa and
throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Vaill. par. pl. 30 f. 3, Curt,
lond. ii. pl. 35, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, the “ muos Ota” is so named according to Dioscorides
from its leaves resembling a mouse’s ear, is besides called “ alsine ” from flourishing in groves and
shaded situations ; and in the added Synonyms is further identified with the “ muötön ” or “ muörtö-
liön ” or “ niurtösplenön ” or “ anthullion : ” C. vulgatum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
in the Peloponnesus and on mount Parnassus ; is known to grow also throughout Siberia (Ledeb.,
and A. D ec.) ; and was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, frequent and called “ fan
ru ” or ‘-fagu iera ” or ‘-fakobi.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where
it continues a weed in waste and cultivated ground and has become naturalized; also to South America
(Wats.).
Cerastium viscosum, regarded as distinct, — is termed “ alsine gliitinosa” by Gesner (C. Bauhin,
and Willd.), “ myosotis hirsuta altera viscosa” by Tournefort inst. 245 ; is described also by Dodoens :
and is known to grow in North Africa and throughout middle and Northern Europe as faras Lapland
ancl Iceland (Vaill. p.ar. pl. 30 f. i. Curt. lond. ii. pl. 34, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed
by Sibthorp from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ancl Cyprus ; is known to occur in Abyssinia
(A. Rich., and A. D ec.) ; and was observed by Thunberg along roadsides in Japan, frequent and
also called “ fakobi.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is known
to occur in Greenland and Iceland (W ats.), around trading jrosts in the Interior (Hook.), and according
to A. Gray in “ grassy fields and copses ” in our middle States “ naturalized ; ” to Austral Africa
(Drège and E. M ey.); and to Southwest Australia (BartL).
Trifolium squarrosum of the W est Mediterranean countries. A sjrecies of clover: the TRI
F O L IVM- A CV T VAA or OXYT RI PHYL LON growing mostly on Sicily and seen in Italy by Scribonius
Largus only at Luna harbour when on his way to Britain,* two feet high, bearing a general
resemblance to “ pratense trifolium ” but emitting “ oclorem gravem,” — may be compared : T. squarrosum
is clescribed by Morison ii. 2 ; is termed ‘- 1. dipsaceum ” by Thuillier 302 ; and is known to
grow in France ancl Spain, the lowest calyx-tooth very long and refle.xed (Pers.)."
* Impatiens noU-tangere of Northern Europe. Called in Britain touch me-not or balsam (Prior) ;
the NASTVRTI I -ANIMATI - SEMINI S of Scribonius Largus 95-7-may be compared; also the
“ melago ” identified by Galfridus pr. pm. with the “ balsamus ” or ‘- bawme ; ” the “ persicariæ sili-
quosæ ” whose fruit on the slightest contact leaps apart, is mentioned in 1635 by Cornuti p. 5 : I. noli-
tangere is described by Linnæus ; is termed “ i. palustris ” by Persoon ; and is known to grow in
woods and wet places in France and as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 588, and Lam. fl. fr.).
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