T
r-:¡n
224 C H R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
193, and Strabo xvi. i ; in Egypt also in the days of Theophrastus . . . . , Dioscorides, and Pliny;
and its culture in Italy mentioned by Columella ii. 10. 18, Pliny, and Palladius ; S. orientale continues
well known in Italy (Lenz) ; was observed by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation
from the Peloponnesus to Tenedos, the seeds plastered on bread; by Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile,
and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; was ascertained by myself at Zanzibar to be cultivated in
the neighbouring portion of Africa; and Westward in the same Equatorial portion, is known to have
been long cultivated along the Atlantic (Hook.) : Eastward from Arabia, is called in the environs of
Bombay “ gingelie” or “ tu l” (Graham), in Bengalee “ til,” in Telinga “ noowooloo,” in Tamil “ yel-
loo cheddie” (b ru ry ). in Sanscrit “ t ila ” (Roxb.) : “ sesama ab indis ” is mentioned by Pliny xviii.
10; “ tila,” in the Institutes of Menu : S. Orientale was observed by Rheede ix. pl. 55 in Malabar ;
by myself, in the environs of Bombay, cultivated according to Graham for its oil and “ a very common
plant springing up in uncultivated places and flowering towards the close of the rains ; ” by Roxburgh,
and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Burmann pl. 38, on Ceylon. Farther East,
by Mason v. p. 504, “ exotic ” and called “ hnan ” in Burmah, “ largely cultivated by the Karens ” '
and the seeds sold to the Burmese, who use the oil in curries and for burning ; by Rumphius v. p.
204, cultivated and naturalized in the Malayan archipelago and called in Malay “ widjin ; ” by Blanco,
on the Philippines, and called in Tangalo “ Iinga,” in Bisaya “ ionga,” in Pampango “ langis ; ” by
Thunberg, in Japan and called “ koba ; ” and is called “ moa ” in China (Rumph.). By European
colonists, was carried from Equatorial Africa across the Atlantic to Brazil (Piso, and A. Dec.), has
become naturalized in Tropical America, and as far as Florida.
Cyperus esculentus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ dolcichini ” or “ bacicci ”
(Lenz), in Greece “ kipërôs,” in E g y p t “ h a b e l aziz ” (Forsk.) ; and the KV1 A IP 0 M of Aleman —
maybe compared; the “ kupëirôn ” by some called “ zërnan” according to Democritus has a root
aromatic in flavour (geopon. ii. 6) : the “ malinathalle ” buried in sand not far from the Nile and giving
out leaves like “ kupëirô,” becomes according to Theophrastus iv. 8. 12 as large as a “ mëspilon”
and is cooked and eaten : seeds of C. esculentus according to Wilkinson have been found in ancient
Egyptian tombs : the living plant was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Lower E g yp t; by Forskal,
near Constantinople, the root large and edible with an aromatic flavour ; by Gittard, in the Pelo-
poènesus. Westward, is described by Morison iii. pl. 11 ; was observed by Desfontaines i. p. 43
Barbary ; by Tenore pl. lo i, and Lenz, in Italy ; is known to grow also in Southern France (Villars,
and Pers.). . .
“ The same year = beginning of the Tenth manwantara” among the Hindus (Graha Munjari
tables, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244).
“ 664 B. C ” ( = 4 0 4+ “ 260 years ” of Thucyd. i. 13, and Clint.), naval combat between the
Corinthians and their colonial descendants of Corcyra or Corfu. Regarded by Thucydides as
the earliest one known to the Greeks.
“ Three hundred and forty-one kings ” preceded Psammetichus, according to the statement of
Egyptian priests to Herodotus ii. 142. In the Afr.-Maneth. table, one hundred ancl thirteen kings
being named, the unnamed kings of the Seventh, Eighth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Seventeefoh, and
Twentieth dynasties, make up the required number, 1 13 + “ 70 -|- 27 - f 16 - f 60 + 43 + 1 2 ” = 341.
The exclusion therefore may be remarked of the unnamed kings of the Ninth, Tenth, Fourteenth,
Sixteenth, Nineteenth, and duplicated Seventeenth dynasties.
V I . G R E E K A S C E N D E N C Y .
The same year ( = 610 + “ 54 years ” of Herodotus and the Afr.-Maneth. table, the
Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 570 -|- “ 25 17 + 6 + 45 years ” = 663 = 688 “ 12
_ 7 _ 6 yrs ” ), accession of Psammetihos or Psammetichus, fourth king of the
Twenty-sixth dyn a sty: an occasion marked by the first introduction into Egypt of a
body of Greeks (Herod, ii. 154). He married a daughter of king Pankhi — (Birch).
From about this date, the Egyptian monuments no longer present representations of manners,
occupations, and the mechanic arts ; may also be recognized by a difference in style, a general want
of care in sculpturing hieroglyphic characters, and by the reduplication of the deities; the cat-headed
deity being especially frequent.
The name of king Psametik occurs on contemporaneous monuments, on stones from a temple
begun by him near Naharieh (Leps. eg. and sin. 43) ; in the great unfinished hall at Karnak, in the
quarries at Tura, on the rocks near Philm, on an obelisk (now in Rome), and on a papyrus ancl other
moveable articles (now in the museums of Europe).
“ Under the Psammetichi” (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 28 and 118), a third canon of proportions for
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S ,
the human figure makes its appearance in the Egyptian
■ ü i a i i i
°®“ “ S ' b . C.” (Euseb. and Clint., see also Ephor., Aristot., Strab. vi.
p 309) in Italy, laws made by Zaleucus for the Greek colomsts at Locns. „
% de v .rit), “ Third end Ins. epoch ot Jnpe.ese l„ ..o „ ,” the N ,.- 0 of the
U ‘" ” h''.hT, ® " + e S ™ Z ’e ,0 C hi-K in. i. 6), O e.-hong, son oi Y-kong king oi
J £ + + + c i : : : S e 1h + + i : , . p e g to n in g ot . h . T h i , . , - t .n n h
„ .m u m , ot Tropienl Americ. ? g . t j »
é i i i l i i i i i i i i s
'm r n m m m m
29