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724 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
occasionally met with in Burmah, and called “ pyoung.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it is now cultivated for making brooms, and is called broom corn.
1235 A. D.” (Lubke and Lutrow), in Germany, the Elizabeth church at Marburg commenced.—
The building was finished “ in 1283.”
“ 1236, April (= 633 A. H. 20 Shaban” of Ferisht., Elph. vi. i), Altamsh succeeded by his son
Rukn-u-din, and after “ seven months ” by his daughter Rezia, now sultana of Delhi.
“ June loth” (Nicol.), a synod at Tours. “ In favour of the Jews.”
In this year (= “ 633 Hej.” at Damascus, first meeting of Ebn Abi Osaibiah with Ebn Baitar.
Who on his way through Cairo received the title of vizir from Malek Kamel, also an honorary
degree from the Arab academy; — and who died in “ 1248 ” (Ebn Abi Osaib., Abulfed., Spreng., and
Sonth.).
Reanmnria vermiculata of the Northern Sahara. Called in Egypt “ a’dbeh” or “ mulleyh,” in
which we recognize the “ mollah” or “ kaschkah” of the Arabs identified by Ebn Baitar with the
“ androthakos: ” —R. vermiculata was observed by Forskal p. loi, and Delile, in the Egyptian portion
. of the Desert, the plant bruised and applied externally against psor.a, or taken internally in decoction ;
is known to grow also on the seashore of Syria, Sicily, and Barbary (Desf. i. p. 43T, and Pers.). From
transported specimens, is described by Morison iii. pl. 9.
Dorema ammoniacum of Persia. An Umbelliferous plant called there “ ooshak” or “ oshac”
(Lindl.), in which we recognize the “ oshak” of Ebn Baitar, — referred by Sontheimer to gum ammoniac
(probably from the evidence collected by Don linn, trans. xvi. 601) : D. ammoniacum is
described by Don as growing in Irak in “ very dry plains and gravelly soil exposed to an ardent sun,”
and he regards it as really furnishing “ the ammoniacum of the shops ” (Lindl. ; see Ferula Tingitana)
.V
aleriana Pyrenaica of the Pyrenees. The “ sathwal” mentioned by Ebn Baitar as the name of
zerumbet among the people of the North and remaining Franks, — may be compared with the “ sete-
wale ” of Chaucer c. t. 13690, and “ setwal ” of Lyte iii. 17, referred by Prior to V. Pyrenaica ; formerly
“ sold by ignorant or fraudulent apothecaries ” for zeduar sometimes spelt “ zedualle : ” V. Pyrenaica
is described by Plukenet aim. pl. 232, and escaping from gardens has become naturalized in various
parts of Britain (Hook., Wats., and Bab.) : in its wild state, is known to be confined to the Pyrenees.
Citieraria marilima of the Mediterranean shores. Calied in Egypt “ achaouan abiat,” and possibly
included in the “ ukhuvan” of Ebn Baitar — and other Arab writers: observed by Alpinus pi. 28
used medicinally in Egypt ; and by myself growing as far inland as Cairo. Farther North, observed
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the Greek islands and the Peloponnesus : and Westward, described by
Lobel pl. 227, termed “ jacobæa maritima” by Tournefort inst. 486, and known to grow on the seashore
of France (Pers.; see Anthemis nobilis). .
V'erbesina saliva of Abyssinia. A sunflower-like plant called in Hindustanee “ kalatill,” in Bengalee
“ ramtil,” in Telinga “ valesuioo” (Drur.); and the “ kurthum hindi” yielding oil according to
Ebn Baitar, — may be compared : V. sativa was observed by Graham “ commonly cultivated ” on the
Deccan for “ the oil it affords ; ” by Roxburgh, and Royie, under cultivation in Bengal ; is known to
be also cultivated in Mysore, and the oil “ from the larger seeds ” according to Drury “ is the common
lamp-oil of Upper India.” Westward, was observed by Bruce trav. in Abyssinia, yielding an oil
employed throughout the country for domestic purposes (Grev.) : is termed “ polymnia Abyssinica” by
the younger Linnæus suppl. 3S3, “ guizotia oleifera” by Decandolle prodr.
Arnica montana of Subarctic climates. At Lahore called in Arabic “ khanek-ul-zeib ” (Plonigb.
375. and J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the “ chanik eldsib ” of Ebn Baitar : — A. montana is described
by Matthioli p. 51, Dalechamp p. 1169 (Spreng ), and Clusius hist. iv. pl. 18 ; is known to grow
from Lapland throughout Northern Europe (fl. Lapl. p. 305, and fl, Dan. pl. 63), and on mountains larther
South to the snow-limit on the Pyrenees and Swiss Alps (Brot., and Dec.). Eastward, is knovvn to grow
throughout Siberia, as far as the Yenisei river and Bering’s Island (Gmel.), An(J larther East, was
observed by E. James along the Rocky mountains ; by Nuttall, on the Upper Missouri ; and is known
to grow on Melville Island in Arctic America, and in Greenland (Sab., and Hook.). According to
Lindley, “ a virulent plant” that on the Continent has obtained the name of panacea lapsorum,\ta
activity “ seems however to have been exaggerated.”
Solanum Forskalii of Yemen. Called there “ bokæme,” in which we recognize the “ bokkam ” of
Ebn Baitar: — observed by Forskal p. 47 along the base of the mountains of Yemen.
Solanum Arabicum of Yemen. Called there “ bokæme” or “ bonkom,” and possibly the “ bokkam”
of Ebn Baitar: — described by Forskal p. 47 as “ horride armata,” and observed by him along
the base of the mountains of Yemen.
Solanum incanum of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen “ ærsæn” or “ ersan,” in which we
recognize the “ arsam ” mentioned by Ebn Baitar as a wild melongena growing in Yemen : — S. incanum
was observed there by Forskal p. 46, the smoke of the seeds employed against toothache, the
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 725
leaves applied to wounds, and boiled with those of Physalis somnifera in water for washing hypochondriacs,
regarded as labouring under “ dtemoniacismo.”
Eulophia salep of Northern Hindustan. Called there “ khusyat-ul-salib ” or “ kliusyat-ul-kulb ”
(ulfaz udwieh 860, Royle 369, and Birdw. 86), in which we recognize the “ chusa elkalb” of Ebn
Baitar: — Royle’s specimens of the Eulophia yielding salep at Cashmere, were found by Lindley
insufficient for ascertaining the species (see Orchis papilionacea).
Agrostis alba of Europe and Northern Asia. A grass called white bent (A. Gray), in Greece
“ agriokalamia” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ natejm” (Forsk.), in which we recognize the “ najm” of Ebn
Baitar: — A. alba is termed “ phalaris semiverticillata ” by Forskal p. 17, and was observed by him,
and Delile, frequent about Rosetta and Cairo ; by Sibthorp, on Zacynthus and in marshy ground
around the Bithynian Olympus ; by Bieberstein, on the subalpine portion of Caucasus ; and is known
to grow in Siberia (Kunth). Westward, is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden
(engl. bot. pl. 1189, and Wats.) ; and was observed by Flooker on Iceland. Probably by European
colonists was carried to-Northeast America, where it occurs around dwellings and along roadsides and
seemingly wild in the forest; was received by Kunth from Nutka in Northwest America. A . stoloni-
fera, regarded as not distinct, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grassy situations
in Greece ; by Bieberstein, in the Southern portion of Tauria; is known to grow throughout middle
Europe (engl. bot. pl. 1532); is termed “ the hindering knot-grass” by Shakspeare m. n. d. iii. 2
(Prior) ; and was observed by Hooker on Iceland.
[237 A. D.” (Talvi ii. 1, and Pauth. i), invasion of Europe by the Tartars under Batou, nephew
of Okkodai Khan : Moscow was captured and the Russians defeated and rendered tributary, — remaining
in bondage more than “ two ” centuries.
“ In this year” (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 1236), Rajrajeswar Deva
succeeded by Languliva Narsinh, now king of Orissa. — Fle built the great Sun-temple at Kanarak by
the sea (the Black pagoda), and reigned “ forty-five years.”
“ Nov. 19th to 22d” (Nicol.), a synod in London. One of the decrees proposed by the legate
Otto was, “ That all acts should from thenceforth be dated on the day, year, and at the place, when
and where they were subscribed.”
Manuscripts in this year (De Wailly pl. xv. 5), presenting the following form of the letter K.
“ 1238, May 17th” (Nicol.), a synod in London. Satisfaction having been tendered, the interdict
suspending the exercises of the University at Oxford, laid by the legate Otto in consequence of
an insult, was removed.
“ The same year” (art de verif), Melek-Kamel succeeded by Melek-Adel IL , sixth Ayoubite
sultan of Egypt.
The itch insect, Acarus scabiei, described by Avenzoar. — He died “ in 1262 ” (Pouchet).
1239 A. D. (= “ 7th year of Sidsio,” art de verif.), visit of the general in chief Jorilzne to Sidsio
at Meaco.
“ In this year (= 637 A. H.” of F'erisht., Elph.), Rezia succeeded by her brother Moizz-u-din
Behram, now sixth snltan of Delhi.
Limonia acidissima of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A pinnate-leaved Aurantiaceous
shrub called in Malabar “ tsjeru caat-naregam ” (Drur.) ; and from early times, its leaves
root and fruit employed medicinally : * — observed in Malabar by Rheede iv. pl. 14, its dried fruit form-
* Guatteria [Polyalthid) cerasoides of Western Hindustan. An Anonaceous tree called in Teli nga
“ dudugu ” or “ chilka dudugu ” (Drur.) ; and from early times, its whitish close-grained timber used
in carpentry and for boats and small spars : — observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome, from
the Godavery “ common in all the dry forests near the foot of all the mountains on the western side
of the Madras Presidency” (Urur.) ; by Graham, on the “ Tull Ghaut, Jowar Forests,” in the region
around Bombay.
Flacourtia sepiaria of Western Hindustan. A thorny shrub called in Tamil “ sottacla,” in
Telinga “ conrew ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ tamboot ” or “ atroon ” (Graham); and from
early times, its berries eaten, and leaves root and bark employed medicinally: —observed by Rheede
v. pl. 39 In Malabar; by Graham, common “ throughout the hilly parts of the Concan” as far as
Bombay; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, “ common everywhere ” in the peninsula.
lonidium sufpruticosum of Western Hindustan. A nearly stemless Violaceous plant called in
Bengalee “ noonbora,” in Telinga “ pooroosharatanum,” in Tamil “ orala-tamaray ” (Drur.); and from
early times, its root and leaves employed medicinally : — observed by Rheede ix. pl. 60 in Malabar ;
by Nimmo, in “ the Concans ” (Graham), as far as Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury,
m other parts of the peninsula as far as Travancore, flowering “ nearly all the year.”
Abutilón polyandrum of Western Hindustan. An erect annual, known from early times: —
tei'