512 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
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lScoiHn^^^^^ Germanic and Scandinavian nations” and till a late period in
ScotUnd and Friesland (Prior), in France “ ortie ” (A. Dec.), in Italy “ ort ica” (Lenz) in Greece
z ioumi t ia (Forsk.) or “ tziknitha” (Sibth.) : in which we recognize the V R T i C A ■ s'l L V E S T R I
called CAN I A described by Pliny xxi. 55 as more virulent vvith fringed l e a v e P a / l ev e ! £ s/U
S " V h 7 i / / T b I / f t™» '" ’ f t™ - - ’ “ / t S
LmU fren / i’n U Kauhin ; I S termed “ u. urens maxima ” by Tournefort inst, S34 i was observed by
E u r / e T f o Is U h 1 to occur about dwellings throughout middle and Norther!
Liuope as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pl. 746, Pers,, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward was
/ / e ' s u t / and Chaubard, about dwellings and along roadsides from the Peloponnesus
to Constantinople and Smyrna ; by Hasselquist, and Ciot-Bey, in Lower E»ypt • is known
to occur a so along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; was observed by Thunberg heie a id there in
sU eU r t i i T T " ""fi - " S q by bees ; by Gmelin, througho/ Siberia ;"but in Ë m t s c / t lU
IS regarded by Chamisso as exotic and introduced. Farther East, was known to Gmelin before 1743
as occurring on the neighbouring continent of America ; but at Ngrfolk Sound was observed h v
Mertens only around trading establishments, has however an American aspect. By European colo!
n.sts, was earned to Northeast America, where it continues in waste places in our Atlantic S t / e s ind
to.Brazil, observed by A. Saint-Hilaire in the outskirts of towns
T T U ^‘^’ ’N r v i r c n s of the East Mediterranean countries. The P L I S T O L O C H I A or
fourth kind of A R I STO L 0 C H I A E known to the Romans, having according to Pliny xW £ n / e r
ous radical fibrils, and by some termed P O L Y R R H I Z O N (known therefore to the Greeks) — mav
be compared; A. sempervirens is termed “ pistolochia altera” by Clusius hist. ii. 260, “ a pistolochi!
to C r / e 4 d ° th / £ e e k ish n ! ' Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus
to Crete aito the Greek islands. Westward, is described by Sabbati hort. ii. pl 8» (Pers I • and ia
enumerated among the officinal species by Lindley. P • £>- G ers.}, and is
of the W est Mediterranean countries. T he P I N A S T E R or P I N V S - S Y L V E S
T R I S growing according to Pli ny x v i . 17 I N ■ P L A N I S. and M I R A ■ A L T 1 T V D I N E exceedin riv loftv'
d e a u x tu r p e n t in e , which has the property of solidifying with ma»nesia ”
L u z u l a m a x im a of Western Europe. The C 0 M B R E T V M described by Pliny xxi 16 to 77 as
fV r Z m ™ ‘ ft®™’ “ fi “ ®™fi’ " g Hussone i. pl. i r yield!
/ U U ? ® r ! ‘ ft® "0 °™'"» C"ft‘'fi Britain b u tn
I F R I rl ) ’ / O P H R Y S herb, according to Plmy xxvi. 93 like D E N T I C V L A T O -
obUn/ >Uh T r ®""®^’ - ft® """"P“ ®®' ’ ifi- termecl“ o. bifol.a minor c / a r i
(fl D0 p l ' '2 3 ° " v a l i r ! r ^ ‘ ' h Y i i Z f t / '™ ‘™'" throughout middle Europe
C o n S / t i io p l e ’ ft ® ’ "®*-’ "ft™™®"* ft« ^5'ft‘ ft™P to fito environs of
“ fi Europe. The allium SILVESTRE OVODVRS I
N V M - V O C A N T - O D O R E - M O L L I - C A P I T E - P R A E T E N V I - F O L I I S - G R A N n i R v q of PI, ;
/erred h '" '" '/ / '’®!® ft« .ft'“ ™™ ' “ gteata crauleac ” of an Anglo-Saxon leechcl/Ys
referred here by Cockayne i. p. 377 : A. ursinum is described also by Bernhardi • is a venlal / d ! !
grassy situations in Britain, Fr!nce, and D’enmar! ( ! / / ; /
e. h X T V Z Z V T V z V T Z Z iX V V ®‘ -“ '«f t ”
AIZOO and employed to cure whitlow and maladies arounc! th!Uaiîs1/ / ! £ b £ c o / / a ! r t " °£ £ ^ ^
cronatum I S termed “ gramen dactylon ægyptiacum” by Tournefort inst. 5 2 ! ; / 3 ! fo i o / n '
l^rbary ( P e r s . y was observed by Sibthorp not rare in Greece; by Alpinus, For.skal ariclHelile
in^Egypt; by Forska farther South in Tropical Arabia; and is kn!wn / g r iw a l ! ! \ Ë a £ ?
m Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. nigr. p. 566). Eastward, in the absence of Sanscrit names onU in
Hindustanee is given by Roxburgh (A. Dec.); D. mucronatum is described by R u i l p Z s v’i / u
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 5 1 3
was observed in Hindustan by Rheede xii. pl. 69; by Graham, “ a very common grass on pasture
grounds ; ” by myself, frequent in waste ground around Bombay : farther East, was observed by Mason
in Burmah, but no native name is given. By European colomsts, was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues around dwellings and in cultivated ground in our Southern States as far
as Virginia and Illinois (Walt., Mx., A. Gray, and Chapm.).
E r io p h o r io n p o ly s ta c h h i} } i of Northern climates. The wool or Orchomenian flax procured
according to Pliny x ix . 2 from the panicle D V N T A X A T - P A N I C V L A o f a reed-like plant growing in
marshes — is referred here by Sprengel : E. polystachium is described by Tragus, and C. Bauhin
(Spreng.) ; is known to grow from Lapland to Switzerland (engl. bot. pl. 563, and Wats.) ; was observed
by Brotero in Portugal, by Bieberstein on Caucasus, and by Gmelin throughout Siberia.
Westward, by Hooker on Iceland; by myself, along the Atlantic as far South as 42°; by A. Gray,
in Central New York; by Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania; by Chapman, “ in the upper districts,
Georgia.”
S e c a le c e r ea le of Northeastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Cailed in Anglo-
Saxon “ ryge ” and in current English ry e , in Welsh “ rhyg,” in Ancient Danish “ rugr,” in Lithuanian
“ ruggei,” in Esthonian “ rukki,” in Russian “ rosh,” in Polish “ rez’,” in old high German
“ roggo” (Prior) and in current German “ roggen” (Grieb), in Celtic “ secal” (Reynier) or “ s e g a l ”
(Theis) and in current French “ seigle” (Nugent), in Italy “ se ga la ” or “ sega le” (Lenz), in Greece
“ sikali ” or “ vriza ” (Fraas), in which we recognize the S E C A L E of Pliny xviii. 39, at TAV R I N I
Turin under the Alps called A S 1 A M — (a seeming indication of its origin): S. cereale is a Northern
grain, cultivated as far as “ Lat. 67 ° ” (A. Dec.). Eastward, occurs along roadsides and in waste
ground in Hungary and Transylvania (Sadler, and Baumg.) ; the “ vr iza” is mentioned by Galen
alim. fac. i. 13 as a kind of grain known in Thrace; and S. cereale was observed by Chaubard, and
Fraas, under cultivation in Greece. Farther South, is known to occur in Syr ia; and was observed
by Alpinus in Egypt. Farther East, is called in Flindustanee “ deogandum” in Bengalee “ shasya
bishesh ” (D ’roz.), but has not been met with in Hindustan by European observers. By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues extensively cultivated in our Northern
States ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed under cultivation by Bojer.
S e t a r ia ^glatcca of Tropical and Subtropical Asia. A millet-like species called in Egypt
“ safia ” or “ sar afar ” mouse-tail (Forsk.) , and the M I L I A R I A - H E R B A according to Pliny xxii. 78
destroying millet, — may be compared (see Spreng.) : S. glauca is described by Plukenet aim. pl. 190 ;
was observed by Forskal on Malta; and is known to occur throughout middle Europe as far as
Sweden, in cultivated ground and especially after harvest (Schreb. pl. 25, Pers., Beauv., and A. Dec.).
Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from Zante to Smyrna; by Forskal, and Delile,
from Damietta to Cairo ; by Roxburgh, and Graham, in Hindustan ; -is known to occur also on Ceylon
(Linn fl. zeyl )._ By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues
in waste and cultivated ground extending along roadsides as far as Kentucky (Short), Arkansas
(Nutt ), and the Saskatchewan (Hook.).
S e ta r ia v i r id i s of Tropical and Subtropical Asia? Also closely allied, and possibly included with
the preceding: — described in Johnson’s Gerarde 17, observed also by Parkinson, and Ray, in
waste ground in Britain (A. De c . ) ; termed “ p. vulgare spica simplici et molliori ” by Tournefort
inst. 515; observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and known to occur with the preceding species
throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 852, Curt. lond. iv. pl. 5, and Pers.).
Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in pastures and cultivated ground around Constantinople ; and
by Delile, at Rosetta in Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
continues “ common in cultivated grounds” (A. Gray).
O p h io g lo s s u v i L u s i t a n i c u m of the Mediterranean countries. The CERATIA of Pliny xxvi. 34
having a single leaf, a large nodose root, and used medicinally, — is referred to this genus by Billerbeck:
O. Lusitanicum is described by Linnæus; is known to grow near Rome, also in Corsica,
Tripoli, Algeria, Spain, and as far North as Brest and the outlying Glenan islets (Bory) ; was
observed by Link near Lisbon; by Webb, on the Canaries and Madeira; and by Bory, in the
Peloponnesus.
O p h io g lo s s um v u lg a t u m of Northern climates. Called in Britain a d d e i^ s toÿigue, in Old manuscripts
“ nedderis-tonge ” or “ nedderis gres,” in medieval Latin “ serpentaria,” in Holland “ adders-
tong” (Prior), in Germany “ natter ziinglin” (Trag.), in Italy “ herba senza cos ta” (Dod.), and the
Ll N G V A ‘ H E R B A or LI N G V L A C A of Pliny xxiv. 108 and xxv. 84, growing about springs and its
root used against baldness, — is referred here by some writers: O. vulgatum from early times employed
medicinally, was observed by Tragus i. pi. 10Ó in Germany ; is described also by Baptista
Sardus, and Dodoens pempt. i. 5. 21; and is known to grow throughout Northern Europe. West ward,
was seen in New England 1669 by Josselyn, who doubted its being indigenous; by J. H.
Emerton in 1872, in one locality near Salem (J. Robinson); by Conrad, in the environs of Philadel-
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