;
1 9 0 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
the pounded roots according to Rumphius v. p. 166 rubbed by the Javanese all over their bodies as a
preservative against cutaneous diseases ; a practice among the Polynesians in former times, even
among the Hawaiians, and I remarked the plant itself introduced and naturalized throughout the Fe e jeean,
Samoan, and Taheitian groups.
95S R- C. (= 9 7 5 y. 8 mo.— “ 21 y e a r s ” of both Maneth. tables), Sësôghis succeeded
by Osôrthôn, second king of the Twenty-second dynasty. The name of king
Osarkon occurs on the great temple at Bubastis, on a vase (at one time owned by the
Roman Claudia family), and on a papyrus. He continued the great unfinished hall at
Karnak.
Orpheus according to Pliny xxv. 5 was the first to note the properties of plants (referring to some
Orphic poem hardly earlier than this date) : the scene of one at least of the poems attributed to
Orpheus is clearly Egypt ; and the personal existence of such a poet is denied by Aristotle an. i. 5.
Daucus carota of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain carrot, in France
“ carrotte” (Prior), in Germany “ mohre,” in Italy “ carota” and the wild kind “ pastiiiaca se lvatica”
(Lenz), in Greece “ karotta” or “ agria thaukia ” (Fraas) or “ staphulona” (Sibth.), in Egypt and
Yemen “ djrzar ” (F o r sk .); in which we recognize the “ staphylino” said to be “ amatorium” by
Orpheus (Plin. xx. 15) : the name seems derived from the ancient use of red chalk, and in the addition
to Homer il. ii. 765 “ staphulê ” signifies a mark: — the “ staphuli nos ” plant is mentioned by
Dieuches, Phiiistion, Phanias of Eresus, Diodes, Cleophantus, Athenaeus ; the “ staphulinos agrios,”
by Theophrastus, the purple floret in the centre of its white umbels noted by Dioscorides ; and the
“ karôtôn ” is mentioned by Athenaeus : D. carota was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, in fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna ; by Abd-allatif i.
6, For.skal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt and the seeds used as aphrodisiac; by
Forskal, seemingly wild on the mountains of Yemen ; is known lo occur also in Abyssinia (A. Rich.).
Westward, the “ staphulinos a grio s” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ karotam ” or “ pastinaka”
of the Romans, by Piiny xxv. 64 with the “ pastinacam erraticam ; ” the “ pastinaca” is mentioned by
Hyginus, by CMumella, and Pliny xix. 27, as cultivated, and the “ carota” is mentioned by Apicius
iii. 21 : D. carota was observed by Forskal on Malta, as well as near Marseilles ; is known to occur
cultivated and seemin^y wild in Algeria, Spain, and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden
(Pers., Munby, and Fries). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to occur througliout Siberia as far
as Kamtschatka (Ledeb.); is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee “ g a ja r ” (D ’roz.), was observed in
Hindustan by Roxburgh, by Gibson and Graham “ a staple article of food in the Eastern parts of the
Deccan during the cold season ; ” is known to occur also in Cochinchina and China (Dec.) ; in Japan,
everywhere cultivated and called “ kofuk,” or usually “ n is ji” or “ iabu nensin ” (Kaempf., and
Thunb.) ; on the Loo Choo Islands (Beechy) ; on Timor (Decsne) ; and may therefore have been
carried by Malays and Polynesians to Australia, New Zealand, and the Hawaiian Islands. Clearly
by European colonists, was carried to Madeira and the West Indies (A. Dec.); to Northeast America,
where it continues abundantly cultivated and in the dry-rooted form naturalized ; to Patagonia and
Chili (observed by myself) ; and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). Sown in rich soil according to
Vilmorin, the root after successive generations becomes fleshy and edible, and in this form transferred
to barren soil relapses in the course of generations into its original dry-rooted state. The root
and seeds are enumerated by Lindley as employed medicinally.
Mentha aquatica oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in BrWam watermint
(Bacon), in Germany “ wasserminze,” in Italy “ menta” (Lenz), in Greece with other species
“ ethiasm5 ” or “ ëthuôsmôs ” (Fraas), in Egyptian “ t i s ” or “ phërthrôumônthôu ” or “ p ë rxô” or
“ makithô” (Syn. D io s c .) ; in which we recognize the “ minthë ” changed according to Orphic
poems from a fruit-bearing large tree to a barren plant— (etym. gud. p. 395), identified in Syn.
Diosc. with the “ ëthuôsmôs,” the name changed by the Greeks (according to Pliny xix. 47) on
account of the fragrance : “ ëthuôsmôu rizan ” is prescribed in Int. affect. 33 ; and the “ ëthuôsmôn”
of Theophrastus vii. 7. i may also be compared : M. aquatica was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, frequent along streams from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna; is enumerated by Clot-Bey
Figari as long known in Egypt (i. e. in gardens). Westward, the “ ëthuôsmôs” is identified in Syn.
Diosc. with the “ mëntha” or “ nëpëtam” of the Romans; “ the “ nepetam” whose root is used
medicinally is placed in the same genus with the “ mentam ” by Pliny xix. 47 and xx. 56 : M. aquatica
is termed “ m. rotundifolia palustris seu aquatica major” by Tournefort inst. 189, “ m. palustris”
by Miller, “ m. hirsuta” by Linnæus (Steud.) ; and is known to grow wild in Italy and throughout
middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 638, Engl. bot. pl. 447, and Pers.). According to
Bacon in his essay on gardens, the flowers “ which perfume the air most delightfully” on “ being
trodden upon and crushed are three, that is burnet, wild thyme, and water mints, therefore you are
to set whole alleys of them : ” M. aquatica is among the species enumerated by Lindley as having
“ been in repute as stomachics and emmenagogues.” (See M. rotundifolia and M. arvensis).
F i r
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 191
9S3 B. C. (— 9SS y. 3S /A d- — “ 3 ye ars ” of i K. xv. 2 and 2 Chron. xiii. 2), Abijam succeeded
at Jerusalem by his son Asa, sixth Jewish king.
The same year (— 965 — “ 12 y e a r s ” of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A .),
accession at Tyre of Astartus son of Delaiastartus ; aged forty-two ( = “ 54 — 12 ”), and who reigned
“ twelve ” years.
952 B. C. ( = 972 y. 354A d- — “ 22 years ” of twelve lunations of i K. xiv. 20), Jeroboam succeeded
at Tirzah ( i K. xiv. 17) by his son Nadab, second king of Israel.
950 B. C. ( = 951 y. 228J-1| d. — “ 2 years ” of twelve lunations of i K. xv. 25), Nadab slain ; ancl
succeeded at Tirzah by Baasha, third king of Israel.
The same year (= 9 5 9 — “ 9 y e a r s ” of Castor in Armen, vers, of Euseb.), Medon succeeded
by his son Acastus, second hereditary archon of Athens. “ Thirty-six” years are assigned to his
rule by both Castor, and Eusebius,
Eloeagnus angustifolia of middle ' Europe. A small tree called by the Turks “ idæ ” (Forsk.):
the “ kôtinôn” brought from the country of the Flyperborei (according to Pindar ol. 3, and Pausanias
V . 7, by Hercules) to Athens, where it was planted in the temple of Erechtheus on the acropolis —
and called “ kallistëirhanôn,” the tree afterwards burned by the Persians, a sucker surviving (Herodot.
viii. 55), the leaves according to Aristotle mirab. 52 white on the upper surface instead of the under,
is referred here by Camus: the “ kôtinôs” is mentioned also by Theophrastus ii. 3, Theocritus v.
100, Moschus vii. 2, and is identified by Dioscorides with the “ agriëlaia : ” E. angustifolia is described
by Tournefort cor. 53 as having the fruit “ ollvæformi subdulci ; ” was observed by Forskal under
cultivation on Tenedos and at Constantinople, its yellow edible drupe as large as an olive and the
flowers said to be strongly odorous ; by Sibthorp, on Samos and near Smyrna ; and by Hasselquist,
in Palestine. Westward, is known to grow in somewhat moist situations among the Alps and
Pyrenees (Pers. ; see E. Orientalis).
949 B. C. ( = 1071 — “ 80 — 42 y e a r s ” of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 166), Eurysthenes
succeeded by his son Agis as one of the two kings of Sparta.
While Sous son of Procles was reigning jointly with Agis (Plut. lyc. 2, see also Ephorus in
Strab. viii. p. 560), the revolted citizens o f Helos subdued and reduced to slavery : apparently, the
beginning in Greece of this institution “ thôulëia.” The Lacedæmonians (according to Theopompus)
“ when they conquered the Achæans, and the Thessalians when they conquered the Perrhoebi and
Magnetes, were the first who reduced to slavery the former occupiers of tlie country.” — (See also
Simonid., Cic. div. ii. 43, Pausan., Athen. vi. p. 265, and Clint, i, p. 144 and 333).
The address-of Mou-wang (quoted in the Chou-king iv. 27, Pauth. p. 196) contains an allusion
to “ b la ck ” marks made on the face of criminals ; evidently tattooing.
“ 946 B. C. = 1st year of Koung-wang, of the T ch eo u ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
943 B. C. (= 9 5 2 y. 3 5 7A d- — “ i ° years ” of 2 Chron. xiv. [ to 8), end of “ ten years ” of peace ;
employed by Asa in fortifying cities and preparing against invasion.
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as, res. viii. p. 244),
Dyutimah reigning in Hindustan.
941 B. C. ( = 953 — “ 12 years ” of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.), Astartus
succeeded as king at Tyre by his brother Aserymus ; (“ 54 — 9 ” = ) forty-three years old, — and
who reigned “ nine years.”
The same year ( = “ 130 years after the fall of T r o y ” of auct. vit. Horn., and Clint, i. p. 140, and
“ in the reign of A g i s ” of Pausan. ill. 2. i., see also Strab. xiii. i. 3), the outlying island of Lesbos,
between Curaæ and the Troad, occupied by Aeolian Greeks under Grais, son of Archelaus and
great grandson of Orestes.
940 B. C. (before the “ third month in the 15th year of the reign of Asa,” 2 Chron. xiv. 9, xv. 11,
and xvi. 8), Osarkon or Zerah and his army of Ethiopians and Lubims, defeated at Mareshah by
Asa king of Judah, Many “ out of Israel ” now placed themselves under the rule of Asa.
The same year ( = 954 y. 8 mo.— “ 15 y e a r s ” of both Maneth. tables), Osarkon
I succeeded by the third king of the Twenty-second dynasty. The name of king Take-
lut occurs on contemporaneous monuments — (Leps. k. pl, 44).
939 B. C. ( = “ third month in the 15th year of the reign of Asa,” 2 Chron. xv. 10
to 15), a covenant among the people assembled at Jerusalem; prohibiting change of
religion under penalty of death.
The same year ( ....................). The accession of Osarkon I I . , fourth king of the
Twenty-second dynasty, hardly earlier than this date. His name occurs on contemporaneous
monuments, and on a statue — now in London (Glid. analect, and
Leps. k. pl, 44).
“ 934 B. C. = 1st year of Y-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dyn a sty— (Chinese
chron. table).
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