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746 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
nalioid slirub or tree called in Malabar “ kada kandel ” (Drur.) ; and its very strong durable wood
known from early times : —observed by Rbeede vi. pl. 37 in Malabar; by Nimmo, on the “ margins
of salt water creeks S. Concan” (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Drury, among the manvaluable
light-coloured timber much used from early times :—observed by Beddome pl. 68 “ in the
Tinnevelly district and southern provinces of Madura, being very abundant up to three thousand feet
of elevation ” (Drur.).
Exacum pedunculatum of Southern Hindustan. A Gentianoid annual, known from early times
as a bitter tonic : — observed by Wight, and Drury, “ common in the Western districts of Mysore.”
Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet mant. pl. 343 (Pers.).
Ophelia elegans of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. A shrubby branching Gentianoid
called “ salaras ” or “ salajit ” (Drur.) ; and from early times, in great request as a bitter and febrifuge
:— observed by W. Elliot, and Wight, on the Pulney hills and Northern Circars, the dried
stems sold in the bazaars, and exported in bundles (Drur.).
Ophelia multiflora of the Neilgherries. White-flowered; its dried root from early times used at
Bombay as a substitute for gentian and chiretta, — and apparently its stems and leaves also (Waring
pharm. ind.) : observed by Dalzell fl. bomb. 156 growing at Mahableshwar (Drur.).
Ipomaea geniella oi Southern Hindustan ? From early times, its mucilaginous leaves employed
medicinally ; — observed by Koenig, and Ainslie, in waste places in Tranquebar, known to occur also
on Java (Pers., Steud., and Drur.). -
Ehretia buxifolia of Southern Hindustan. A Cordia-like shrub or small tree called in Tamil
“ cooruvingie,” in Telinga “ bapana boory,” in Hindustanee “ poluh ” (Drur.) ; and from early times,
its root employed medicinally, and by Mohammedan physicians considered an antidote to vegetable
poisons : — observed by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, in Coromandel, by Drury “ common on barren lands
and in forests.”
Gmelina Asiatica of Southern Hindustan. A thorny yellow-flowered shrub called in Tamil
“ neelacoomil,” in Telinga “ nelagoomacii ” (Drur,); and from early times, its mucilaginous demulcent
root employed medicinally: —described by Rumphius i. pi. 40 and ii. pl. 39; observed by Roxburgh,
and Drury, from Travancore to Coromandel; but by Graham, “ common in Bombay gardens,” and
“ forms an elegant and excellent hedge,” its flowers “ large.” Transported to Europe, is described
by Plukenet aim. pi. 14.
Premna latifoHa of Coromandel. A Verbenaceous tree called in Telinga “ pedcla-nella-kura”
(Drur.) ; and from early times, its leaves eaten in curries, and its firm white wood used for many
economical purposes: — observed by Roxburgh, and Wight pl. 869.
Premna tomentosa of Southern Hindustan. A shrub or small tree, its hard close-grained ornamental
wood known from early times: — observed by Wight, and Drury, common from Travancore
to the Circar mountains. From transported specimens, described by Willdenow, and Lamarck.
Justicia {Adhatoda') Tranquebarensis of Southern Hindustan. Fruticulose, and called in Tamil
“ tavashu-moorungie” or “ poonakoo-poondoo,” in Telinga “ pindi-konda ” (Drur.); from early times,
its leaves employed medicinally: — received by the younger Linnæus from Tranquebar; and observed
by Ainslie, and Wight, along the Eastern coasts of the peninsula (Drur,).
Justicia {Rostellaria) procumbens of Southern Hindustan and Burmah. A spreading shrub,
jointed and often rooting at the joints, called in Tamil “ nereipoottie,” in Telinga “ nakapootta chit-
too” (Drur.) ; and from early times, the juice of its leaves applied in ophthalmia: —observed by
Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, “ very common on pasture-ground on the Coromandel coast ” (Drur.);
is known to grow also on Ceylon (Pers.) ; and was observed by Mason in Burmah. Transported to
Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pl. 56.
Antidesma dtandriim of the Circar mountains. Its timber irom early times used for many purposes
; — observed by Roxburgh (Steud., and Drur.).
Antidesma pubescens of Southern Hindustan. A small tree calleci on the Circars “ pollarie”
(Drur.); and from early times, its fruit eaten : —observed by Nimmo in “ S. Concan” (Graham),
nearly as far as-Bombay ; by Roxburgh cor. ii. pl. 167, on the Northern Circars (Drur,).
A rum montanum of the Northern Circar mountains. Stemless and called in Telinga “ konda-
rakis ” (Drur.) ; its root from early times employed by the mountaineers to poison tigers : —observecl
■ by Roxburgh, and Wight pl. 796 (Drur,).
A rum lyratum of the Circar mountains. Its root from early times cooked and eaten, — regarded
very nutritious when prepared “ ina particular manner ; ” observed by Roxburgh (Drur ).
Areca Dicksonii oi Southern Hinclustan. A palm, its nut from early times eaten by the poorer
classes as a substitute for betel-nut; —growing according to Drury wild in great abundance on the
mountains of Malabar and Travancore.
»roves “ in tire backwater in Cochin ; ” by Rottler, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the Sunderbunds
0 mouths of the Ganges, and used for fuel in Calcutta ; by Mason, in Burmah. Westward, is
termed “ bruguiera madagascariensis ” by Decandolle.
Cyperus bulbosus of the shores of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Called in Tamil “ shee-
landie,” on the Coromandel coast “ sheelandie arisee,” in Telinga “ pura-gaddi ” and its root “ pun
cliimpa” (Drur.); and from early times, flour from this root eaten: —observed by Roxburgh, and
Wight, “ in sandy situations near the sea on the Coromandel coast” (Drur.); is known to grow also
on Ceylon and Westward in Southern Arabia (Retz, and Pers.).
“ The same year” (Abyss, chron,, and M. Russell 151), in Abyssinia, through the interposition
of the monk Tecla Plaimanout founder of the monastery of Devra Libanos,^ die line of Solomon
restored: the reigning monarch abdicating in favour of Icon Amlac, on condition that one-third of
the kingdom should be ceded for the maintenance of the church ; and in place of an Abyssinian abuna,
that the head of the church should always be named by the patriarch of Egypt.
“ 1256 A. D.” (Danish Chronicle, and Relat. du Groenl. 190), Greenland revolting and refusing to
pay tribute to king Magnus of Norway, the Danish king Eric, who had married his daughter, sent a
fleet and enforced obedience : but would take no further advantage, — and the treaty of peace ^ was
signed in Norway “ in 1261 ” by three leading Greenlanders, whose names are given by Angrimus
A. D.” (art de verif.), Ibek succeeded by Nooreddin Ali, second Memluk sultan of Egypt.
“ In this year” (Klapr. mem. ii. 365), the remnant of the Ouigour in the country of Cha tcheou
subjugated by the Mongols. . .
“ The same year” (Crawf. ind. arch.), Chico, the first king or kolano of Ternate, reigmng.
“ 1258, June 6th ” (Nicoh), a synod at Merton. To defend the liberties of the church of England
“ against the grant of a tenth, made by the pope to king Henry I I I . ”
“ The same year” (Desvergers, and Marcel), Bagdad captured by the Tartars under Hulagu, a
»eneral of Mangu Khan, and the hereditary spiritual khalifate abolished. — At the end of three years
(Marcel), some members of the Abbassid family sought refuge in Egypt; where one of them being
proclaimed khalif, the highest religious office among Muslims was continued.
“ The same year” (rudim. chron. Lond.), proclamation of king Henry I I I . to the people of
Huntingdonshire, the earliest specimen of the English language bearing a precise date.
A tradition among the Senekas, that \he furtiflcaiions “ in their territory were raised by their
ancestors in their wars with the western Indians, three, four, or five hundred years ago. But their
uncertainty about the time,” ancl “ the total want of tradition respecting them ” among other American
tribes, are circumstances tending to invalidate the testimony.
Cucúrbita polymorpha of Tropical or Subtropical North America. The squash, called by the
New England tribes “ askutasquash ” (R. Will.), and cultivated from early times : * — observed under
* Mollugo verticillata of North America. A prostrate spreading weed, sometimes called carpet-
weed (A. Gray), known from early times to the natives : — observed by myself from about Lat. 44°
frequent in waste and cultivated ground throughout our Middle States, but possibly indigenous in the
sands of the seashore ; by Chapman in our Southern States, in “ cultivated ground common.” Westward,
was received by Hooker from the banks of the Columbia and the Northwest Coast; was
observed by Brackenridge, coming South with our land-party, on the Upper Sacramento near Shasty
mountain. Transported to Europe, is termed “ planta mihi incognita Rauwolfii ” by Jungermann
(Schmied. Geon. i. fig. d). is de.scribed also by Plukenet mant. ix. pl. 332.
Prim us C h ica sa l Arkansas and Texas. Ahe Chicasawplum, a small tree, said by the natives
to have been brought from the country West of the Mississippi — (Ell.) ; was observed by Nuttall,
and E. James, clearly indigenous along the Arkansas. De Soto on his way to Apalache found plums
growing in the fields without planting and better than those of Spain, and after reaching the Mississippi
mlt with “ red ” plums Strachey on James river found among the natives fruit much like a
“ clamoizin ” but of the taste and colour of cherries : P. Chicasa was observed by Baldwin from Lat.
1° in Florida, by J. Read at St. Augustine, by Chapman in “ old fields forming thickets ; ” by Walter,
ichanx, Elliot, and Schweinitz, in the Carolinas ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by myself, along the
Atlantic planted as far as Lat. 39°, and its cultivation increasing.
Caulophyllum thalictroides of the Alleghanies and tributaries of the Ohio and St. Lawrence.
Called by the native tribes “ co-hosh,” and from early times “ esteemed as a medicinal plant among
them ” — (Pursh) ; observed by myself on the White mountains and Berkshire hills ; by Darlington,
and Conrad, not far from Philadelphia ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of Carolina ; by Short, in Kentucky
; by Nuttall, in the States West of the Alleghanies ; and was received by Hooker from various
parts of Canada.
Actaea Americana of Northeast America. Called red and white “ co-hosh,” and from early times
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