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Sah'x Babylonica of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain weeping willow, in the gardens of Egypt
“ safsaf roumy” willow of Constantinople (Del.), by the Arab.s of Syria “ garb” (Rauw.), in the
gardens of Burmah “ mo-ma-kha ” (Mason); and the “ ghrb” of Avicenna 279 — is referred here
by Sprengel; the willows planted for shade according to Raschid-eddin along roads in China (Yule
cath. 260) may also be compared: S. Babylonica was observed by Loureiro ii. 609 in Anam ; by
Mason, “ e.xotic” in Burmah; by Graham, “ in gardens” around Bombay (but no native name is
given). Farther West, was observed by Rauwolf pl. 183 during his visit to Palestine, and was now
first made known to Europeans (Spreng.); is termecl “'s. orientalis fiagellis deorsum pulchre pendenti-
bus” by Tournefort cor. 4.1 ; was observed by Forskal, ancl Delile, in gardens from Cyprus and Constantinople
to Athens ; and has become well known throughout Europe. By European colonists, was
carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be planted for ornament; tothe island of St.
Helena, ancl thence in one instance to Hindustan (Graham). One sex only being known, the tree
has been kept in cultivation by cuttings only, and is therefore regarded by A. Decandolle as perhaps
a deviation from its undiscovered normal state.
Populus fastigiata of Central Asia. The “ ghurb ” of Arab .writers— is referred here by Royle
himal. 344: P. fastigiata was observed by him on the Himalayan mountains. Westward, is known to
have been introduced in the Eighteenth century throughout Europe ; was observecl by Chaubard in
Greece; is clescribed by Aiton, Poiret, and Duroi; and its French name “ peuplier clTtalie” and
English Lombardy poplar seem derived from resembling the artificially-trimmed poplars of Lombardy.
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where trees planted for ornament were
frequent within my remembrance, but they did nof continue thriving, and one sex only being in tlie
country, are rapidly disappearing ; was also carried to Chili, where I have seen trees in flourishing
condition. According to Lindley, the young leafbuds are used medicinally for the same purposes as
those of P. nigra. (See Salix Babylonica.)
Gymnadcnia couopsea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A palmate-rooted orchid
called in Germany “ kreutzblum,” in drug-shops “ palma Christi,” by the Arabs “ bucheiden,” aud
the “ digiti citrini” distinguished by Avicenna as altogether yellow — is referred here by tuchsiiis
pi. 712: G. conopsea is described also by Brunfels i. 104, and Lobel obs. 90 (Spreng.) ; is termed
“ o. palmata minor calcaribus oblongis” by Tournefort inst. 435; and is known to growin meads
from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl 224, Engl. bot. pl. to, Vaill. pl. 30, Hall. helv.
pl. 29, and Pers.) ; was observecl by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus.
Orchis maculata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also calleci in Germany “ kreutzblum,”
and the “ digiti citrini ” distinguished by Avicenna as yellow mixed with white—is referred
here by Fuchsius pl. 713 : O. maculata is described also by Lobel obs. 90 ; is termed “ o. pahnata
pratensis maculata ” by Tournefort inst. 435 ; is known to grow in meads from Denmark throughout
middle Europe (fl. Dan, pl. 933, Engl. bot. pl. 632, Hall. helv. pl. 32, ancl Pers.) ; was observed by
Sibtliorp in meacls in the Peloponnesus.
N arcissus joiiquiU a of the West Mediterranean countries. Calleci in Spain “ junquillo ” from
its slender rush-like stem, in Britain jo n q u ill (Prior), in France “ jonquille” (Nugent); and the
“ nesryn ” described by Avicenna as a kind of narcissus, — by Ebn Alwam i. 334 as growing in Spain
and yielding an oil, is referred here by Sprengel: N. jonquilla is known to grow wild in Spain (Pers.),
but has been long cultivated as a garden flower: is described by Dodoens; and was observed by
Ciot-Bey and Figari in the gardens of Egypt. ^
F ritilla ria im perialis of Central Asia. Calleci in BxWaSn crow n-im perial, \x\ Persia “ tusac; '
the “ corona regia ” is mentioned by Avicenna — (according to Kirsten) ; roots of F. imperialis
about the middle of the Sixteenth century were brought from Persia to Constantinople, thence some
to Vienna and distributed througliout Europe (Clus. rar. ii. I, and Beckm.) : the plant is described
also by Dodoens, Lobel, and Tournel'ort 372. By European colonists was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues a favourite garden flower.
Alectoria Arabum of Plindustan. The best and most fragrant kind of “ oschnah,” enumerated
- by Avicenna p. 128 as brought from India, — is referred to this tree lichen by Dillenius pi. 84 f. 10,
and Acharius (Spreng.).
“ 1031 A, D.” (Blair), Apulia in Southern Italy conquered from the Greeks by the Normans.
“ The same year ” (Alst., and Nicol.), Robert succeeded by his son Henri, as king of France.
“ The same year ” (=- 979 -j- cycle of 52 years, Clavig. ii.), accession of Topiltzin, eighth loltec
king of Mexico. ^ t • . ” B ixa Orellana of Tropical America. The arnotto tree called in the We.st Indies bixa
(Ovied.) or “ urucu ” (Sloane), in Carib by the men “ cochehuc ” (Desc.) ; and from early times, the
red pulp around its seeds used by the Caribs to paint themselves ; its bark used also for cordage,
and its wood to procure fire by friction— (Drur.) : observed by Oviedo nat. hyst. f. 13 and c. 76, £
Sloane ii. pl. 181, in the West Indies, mixed in chocolate by the Spanish colonists ; by myself, under
cultivation in Peru and Southern Brazil. Possibly by Polynesians, was carried to the Hawaiian
Islands, observed there by myself; and to Tongatabu, observed by Rich. Clearly by European colonists,
was carried across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it has become frequent and is called
“ acliote” (Blanco); to the neighbouring i.slands (Rumph. ii. pl. 19) ; to Burmali, observed by
Mason v. 511 abundantly cultivated by tlie natives ; to Plindustan, called in Telinga “ jafra,” in Tamil
“ kooragoomangjul,” in Malabar “ korungoomunga,” in Hindustanee “ gawpurgee” (Drur.), in the
environs of Bombay “ kisree” (Graham), cultivated as a dye, which however is not very durable,
used also medicinally (Roxb., and Wight). Transported to Europe, is clescribed by Clusius, and
Commelyn hort. 1. 65 ; the imported drug is used to tinge butter, cheese, oils, and varnish (Drur.).
Swietenia mahagoni of the West Indies and Central America. The mahogany tree, called in
Carib “ oubouheii” or by the women “ liacaicachi ” (Desc.), and known from early times*: —
* Ochroma lagopus of the West Indies. A large-leaved Bombaceous tree called in Carib
“ saamonna” or “ zamacuna ” or “ comaka” (Desc.), and known from early times :—observed by
Plumier, and Swartz fl. ii. 1144, in the West Indies; by Descourtilz, frequent there in the forest.
(See Eriodendron anfractuosum.)
Humirium balsaviiferum of Guayana. A lofty tree called in Carib “ houmiri ” or “ touri ”
(Lindl.), and known from early times : —observed by Aublet pl. 225 in the Guayana forest, and its
balsam compared to that of Peru ; mentioned also by Schomburgk (annotat. Ralegh). From transported
specimens, is termed “ myrodendron amplexicaule” by Schreber got.
Humirium floribiindum of Eastern Equatorial America. A tree thirty feet high, called at Para
“umlri” (Lindl.), known from early times, — and yielding the valuable um iri balsam; joossessing
the same medicinal properties as copaiva balsam, but regarded by Martius as superior and rivalling
the Peruvian: the living tree observed by Martius ii. pi. 19g in various parts of Brazil.
Sauvagesia erecta of Tropical America. Suffruticose, called in Guayana “ adima” or “ yaoba ”
(Lincll.), and from early times used medicinally : —in the West Indies, in slight inflammation of the
bladder (Jacq. am. pl. 51) ; in Brazil, in complaints of the eyes (A. Saint-Hil. rem. pi. 3) ; in Peru,
in disorders of the bowels, and called “ yerba de St. Martin” (Ruiz and Pav. iii. 11) ; is known to
grow also in Mexico (A. Saint-Plil.). Probably by European colonists was carried across the Atlantic
to Senegal and Guinea (Willd., and fl. nigr.) ; to Madagascar (A. Saint-Hil., and A. Dec.) ; and
to Java (Perrott.).
Spondias mombiu of the West Indies. A large Terebinthoid tree called there “ hobos ” (Ovied.),
in Carib “ oubou ” or by the women “ monbea ” (Desc ), and its plum-like fruit eaten from early
times : —described by Petrus Martyr, and Oviedo nat. hyst. 72 and gen. hist. viii. 2; observed also
in the West Indies by Sloane ii. pl. 219, Jacquin am. pl. 88, and Descourtilz. Transported to Europe,
is termed “ s.-purpurea ” by Miller (Steud.).
Spondias niyrobalanus of Guayana. An allied species known also from early times: — observed
by Sloane ii. pl. 219, and Jacquin 138 ; by Merian pl. 13, in Surinam. Transported to Europe, is
termed “ s. lutea” by Miller (Steud.).
Hedwigia balsamifera of the mountains of Hayti. An Ariiyroid tree, known from early times : —
observed by Swartz fl. ii. 672. From transported specimens, is termed “ bursera balsamifera” by
Persoon i. 414 and 524.
Icica heptaphylla of Guayana. An Amyroid tree called there “ hyawa ” or “ haiawa” (Hancock)
or in Carib “ arou aou ” (Aubl.), and known from early times : —observed by Aublet pl. 130 in the
Guayana forest, its trunk exuding a fragrant liquid that hardens into a whitish resin, according to
Hancock a valuable remedy for coughs (Lindl).
Icica aracouchini of Guaj’ana. A small tree yielding balsam o f acouclii, an aromatic terebinthi-
nous liquid highly esteemed by the Caribs from early times as a vulnerary : — observed by Aublet pl.
133 in the Guayana forest, near the source of the Gourou river (Pers., and Lindl.) ; mentioned also
hy Schomburgk (annotat. Ralegh).
Icica tacamahaca of the Oronoco. Known from early times, — and yielding one of the bitter
raxhn's oaWttd iacamahaca : — observed by Humboldt and Bonpland common near Calabozo on the
plains of the Oronoco (Lindl.).
Icica carana of the Oronoco. Known from early times : — observed by Humboldt and Bonpland
at the missions on the Oronoco, and supposed by most writers to yield the fragrant balsamic substance
called caranna, but this is.disputed by Hancock (Lindl.).
Cedrota longifolia of Guayana. A lofty tree, known from early times ;— observed by Aublet i.
pi. 126 in the depths of the Guayana forest, and termed by him “ aniba guianensis ; ” according to
Hancock yielding the balsamic substance called caranna (Lindl.).
Eiythrina corallodendron of the West Indies. A coral tree called in Carib “ aiph: tuinanti-iba”
85
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