£ J
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394 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
broken ground in Lycia Cappadocia and many other districts, its branches three cubits long crowded
with leaves like those of box, and referred here by Honorius Beltus, and Alpinus exot. pl. 20 : the
“ lukion’Ms identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ puxakanthan ; ” is mentioned also by Galen comp
med. iii, 2, Oribasius, and Paulus Aegineta; by Pliny xii. 15 as a “ sp in a ” growing on mount Pelion,
and by some among the Greeks called “ pyxacantlnim chironium : ” B. Cretica is described by Bauhin
hist. i. 60; is termed “ b. cretica bu.xi fo lio ” by Tournefort cor. 42; and was observed by Sibthorp,
and Fraas, from the mountains of Crete and Southern Greece to Cj-prus.
‘■207 B. C .” (Liv., and Clint.), the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal, defeated by the Romans.
“ 206 b. C. = 1st year of Tsou-pa-wang ” (Chinese chron. table) : an usurper as shown by title,
his real name being Hiang-yu. Coins issued during his reign are extant (Pauth.).
“ The same y e a r ” (Gaubil note to Chou-king ii. i. 44) is regarded as the beginning of the Han
dynasty ; and maps and geographical lists of places (specially excepted by Chi-hoang-ti in his decree
for burning the books) were now carefully collected.
“ In this y e a r ” (Gildem. p. 28), expedition of Antiochus I II . against India.
“ In this year ( = L. Veturius and O. Caecilius Metellus consuls,” Sm. b. d.), the poet Naevius
imprisoned lor a disparaging verse on the Metelli, the laws of the Twelve Tables punishing libel with
death. His imprisonment is alluded to by Plautus mil. glor. ii. 2. 56.
The T I PPV LA of Plautus, — so light as to run on the top o f the water according to Varrò, and a
diminutive animal with six feet according to Pompeius Festus (Paul. Diac.), is clearly the insect tribe
of Gerris.
Hypericum perforatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Ä John's
(Prior), in Germany “ hartheu ” ? r a a s ) , in France “ millepertuis ” (Nugent), in Italy “ perforata”
or “ iperico” (Lenz), in Greece “ leihenöhörtön ” or “ valsamon ” (Sibth.) or “ valsamaki” (Fraas),
in which we recognize the HYPER I CON of Plautus, — a cubit high according to Pliny xxvi. 53’,
strong-scented, and ripening seed at the same time with b.irley : the “ herba sancti ioannis herba perforata”
is mentioned by Symon Januensis sinon. : H. perforatum is described by Arnoldus de Villa-
nova (Pouchet), Valerius Cordus, and Dodoens (Spreng.); is termed “ h, vulgare ” by Tournefort
mst. 254; IS known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Smith) ; according
to Prior, “ p th e red on the eve of St. John’s day, the 2ist Juije,” as “ a preservative against
thunder and evil spirits, whence it was called - fuga daemonum,’ and given internally against mania.”
Farther East, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, throughout Greece and the Greek
islands ; is possibly included among the imported “ hypericum leaves and flowers ” found by Alpinus,
and Eorskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt (see H. crispum); but seems altogether
unknown in Eastern Asia (Ledeb., and A. De c.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it has become naturalized in open and sometimes wild situations. Its leaves according
to Lindley are “ astringent, an infusion has been used in gargles and lotions.”
fwz-i of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. The wild cinnamon is
called in Hindustanee “ darchini,” in Malabar “ kat-carua,” in Cañara “ cuddoo-lavanga ” (Drur.), in
the environs of Bombay “ ohez ” or “ bojevar ” (Graham), in Burmah “ theet-kyaimboo ” (Mason),
and the exported dried leaves “ folia malabathri ” (Lindl.) ; in which we recognize the P E T A L I O N of
PHutus curcul., — “ malabathrum” of Horace, Ovid, Celsus, Pliny xii. 59, Isidorus (Stapel, and
Ainsw.), and “ folium ” of Apicius : the “ malavathron ” growing in India, is mentioned by Andromachus,
Dioscorides, Claudius Ptolemy, and Paulus Aegineta; the “ phullon malavathron ” or
phullon inthikon,” by Nicolaus Myrepsus xxxiv. 22 ; the “ sadsadsch,” by Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar;
aromatíc “ folio indico ” is enumerated by Van Ghistele (Voyag. Belg.) among the ingredients of the
E&yplmit iGriacle ; and “ sadedj hendi” or “ malabathrum fob” imported from Hindustan, was seen
m Egypt by Forskal. Southward and Eastward, the “ kinnamömön used for flrewood among tlie
Sabaeans according to Agatharchides lo t, and Artemidorus (Strab. xvi. 4. 19), may be compared ;
also the “ xulökinnamömön ” and importations into Mosul, mentioned by Dioscorides i. 12 to 13, and
Pliny vi. 34; C. iners was observed by Rheede i. pl. 75 in Malabar; by Graham, along Ihe “ Ghauts,
and in the hilly parts of the Concans,” its bruised leaves having “ a strong spicy smell,” its bark put
in curries “ as a spice,” but “ billets from the tree are often sold together with other kinds of firewood
; ” by Buchanan, Roxburgh hort. calc. 30, Wallich, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore,
its inner bark “ capable of affording cassia lignea of good quality,” and its dried buds u.sed medicinally
; according to Ainslie, Royle, and Lindley, its dried leaves constitute the principal part of the
fo lia malabathri ai commerce. Farther East, was observed by Mason wild in Burmah ; by Blume
rumph. xxxv. pi. 15, as far as Java. (See C. tamala).
^ Laurus sp. of the Canary Islands. The aromatic bark M A C I S of Plautus, — “ maceris ” of the
antidote of Antipater (Scrib. Larg. 167), “ makèr ” brought according to Dioscorides from “ varvarou,”
yellowish, thick, astringent, and taken in potion against dysentery diarrhcea and spitting blood, is
referred by Alpinus to the “ selica seu da” bark imported from Barbary into Egypt and confounded
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 395
with the spice cassia : one or more species of Laurus are known to grow, if not on the Atlas mountains
on the neighbouring Canary Islands. The “ macir” is mentioned also by Pliny xii. 16, Galen fac.
simpl. VII. p. 66, and Paulus Aegineta, but is attributed to India.
Pricistles oiEmo-ÿo wad the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain butterbur
(How, Skinner, W. Coles, and Prior), in Italy “ petasite ” or “ tussilagine maggiore” (Lenz) in
Greece “ kollopanna ; ” and the F 0 L I A - F A R F E R I of Plautus poen. ii. i. 32, — “ farfarum ” or “ farfugium”
or “ chamaeleucen” of Pliny xxiv. 85 is referred here by Billerbeck ; T. petasites is termed
“ petasites major et vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst. 451, and is known to grow in Italy and throughout
middle Europe as far as Denmark, flowering in the early spring (fl. Dan.pl. 842, and Pers.). Eastward
the “ pctamtës ” is described by Dioscorides as a sprout thick as the thumb and more than a cubit
high, bearing a large leaf like a broad-rimmed hat : T. petasites was observed by Sibthorp alon»-
shaded nils in Greece and on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. ”
Festuca ovina of Subarctic Climates. A grass called in Britain fescue (Prior), and the F E S T V C A
of Plautu“ laid by the praetor on the head of a slave in freeing him, — may be compared (referred by
l é e to “ f ru bra ” ) : F. ovina is termed “ gramen loliaceum minus capillaceo folio spica brizæ lon-
gissima by Tournefort inst. 517 ; is known to grow from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Pers., Engl
bot. pl. s8s, and Wats.) ; was observed by Brotero in Northern Portugal ; by Scopoli, and Pollich
in Northern Italy and Carniolia ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the loftier mountains of
G iee ce ; is known to grow also on the Taurian mountains and in Siberia (Bieb and Kunth) West
ward was observed by Hooker on Iceland; by Sabine, in Greenland; and is known to grow from
Lat. 6s at Bear Lake to the Saskatchewan, Lake Winnipeg (Hook.), and Lake Superior (A. Grav)
also to the Pacific at Nootka Sound (Kunth). The viviparous variety is known to »row “ on the
0 me summits of the White mountains” of New England (A. Gray), on Iceland, the"mountains of
Britain and middle Europe (Ray syn. pl. 22, Engl. bot. pl. 1355, and Pers.), and on the mountains of
the 1 eloponnesus. “ F. amethystina ” of Linnæus, observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus is
regarded by him, together with “ F. rubra,” Linn., as perhaps not distinct from F. ovina.
_ Festuca duriuscula of Nortliern Climates. Notwithstanding the flat leaves often confounded
with the preceding, and probably included in the “ festuca ” of the Romans : — termed “ gramen pratense
panicula duriore laxa unam præcipue partem spectante ” by Tournefort inst. 522 • known to
p ow from Lapland and Russia to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pl. 700, Pers., and Wats.) ; observed
by Ray pl. 19 in Britain ; by Lamarck, in France ; by Host, in Austria; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard
in dry situations m the Peloponnesus. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; by myself, to all appearft
ance indigenous on the coast cliffs of Eastern New England, and by Nuttall as far as the seashore of
New jersey; but occurs also in fallow ground, perhaps introduced among grass seed: was observed
by Short m Kentucky; by Chapman, “ around dwellings, Florida and northward, introduced.”
“ The same y e a r ” (Liv., and Clint ), a Roman army led into Africa by P. C. Scipio • and a
treaty negociated by him with Syphax.
^ “ 20s, November ” (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 339), in Egypt, Ptolemy IV. succeeded by Ptolemy V.
Epiphanes ; now about “ five ” years old — (Justin, and Hieron.). Hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy V.
occur on the temple at Ombos, founded by him ; and during his reign, a large amount of buildin» was
accomplished, especially at Thebes, Esneh, Edfu, and Philæ. A t the last named place, his lam e
occurs m a Greek inscription, dedicating the small temple to Aesculapius.
“ 203 B. C .” (Liv., and Clint.), departure o f Hannibal from Italy.
As early perhaps as this date (Vishnu purana, and Burnouf ii. 778), Suyasas succeeded by his son
IJasaratha, now king at Pataliputra on the Ganges. His name occurs at Budha Gava, in an
mscnption dedicating a Budhist cave-temple immediately after his accession — (Prinsep, and
“ 202, Oct._ 19th ’’(Blair), partial eclipse o f the sun. And shortly afterwards, Hannibal defeated
at Zama m Africa by P. C. Scipio — (from this time called “ Africanus” ).
“ The same y e a r= s th year of Tai-tsou-kao-hoang-ti ; ” now, “ in the twelfth month,” head
of the new dynasty of the Han (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 234). His original name is given as
Lieou-pang, and he is also called Kao-tsou. He is blamed for giving in marriage a princess of the
imperial family to the chief of the Plioung-nou Tartars : the first instance in Chinese history of an
alliance with barbarians.
. t'te.reign of Tai-tsou-kao-hoang-ti” (Pauth.), and under the superintendence of his gen-
Chensi ^ at great e.xpense among the mountains of
fl h *”■ ” ft^^Hir), end of the Second Punic war, in peace on ignominious terms granted to
the Carthaginians. ^
Om hundred and twenty-third generation. Jan. ist, 200, mostly beyond youth : the Jewish historian
Demetrius (Clint, i. p. 288) ; the Greek poets Seleucus, and Moschus ; the philosophers,
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