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tioned by Ibrahim Magrebi, Ishak ben Amran, and Ebn Baitar; the living C. myxa was observed by
Alpinus, Lippi, Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, by myself on the river-fiat planted throughout, a Tropical
tree that may succeed in Palestine but hardly farther North : is known however to occur in Persia
(Lindl.). Farther South, was observed by Forskal p. 33 planted as well as wild among the
mountains of Yemen and the fruit eaten by boys, its wood tough and solid employed by carpenters,
also to procure fire by friction. Eastward, was observed by Graham “ on the Ghauts and about
villages throughout the Concan,” its fruit pickled and eaten by the natives ; by Rheede iv. pl. 47, in
Malabar; by Roxburgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan; by Mason, in Burmah. The
“ sebesten” of Avicenna, Serapion, and Averrhoes, is also referred here; and according to Gaertner,
Graham, and Lindley, the transparent glutinous pulp of the fruit of C. myxa becomes when dried the
true sebesten of the shops.
In the valley of Der-el-Medinet at Thebes, an example of the arch occurs in a tomb inscribed
with the name of Amunhotep, and built of dobi or sun-dried brick (Wilk. topog. theb. 81).
The portraits of Amunhotep are sometimes accompanied by that of his wife, queen Aahotep
(Leps. d. iii. pl. I) ; a woman possibly of the Nubian Race, but to all appearance, a negress.
A statue of king Amunhotep is (now in the museum at Turin) : — and his memory appears to
have been held in after times in veneration by the Egyptians.
1579 B. C. (=: 1592 — “ 13 ye ars ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), end of the reign of
I the second king of the Seventeenth dynasty. The name of king Tutmas is ne.xt on
the monuments, — in the tablet at Abydos, and the series of kings at Gurna.
The “ first year of T utm as” occurs on the rocks at Assouan, and in the quarries of
Kerman opposite the isle of Tombos in 19° N. — (Birch).
157S B. C. = “ 2d year of Tutmas ” (Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and eg. and sin. 233), in an inscription
at Tombos ; the latest date in his reign found on the monuments.
Tutmas continued the temple at Karnak, placed there two obelisks (Birch) ; and according to
Champollion-Figeac, built the earliest portion of the temple at Medinet Abu and a rock-temple at
Ibrim in Nubia ; a “ magnificent colossal statue ” of him is now in the museum at Turin.
1576 B. C. ( = 1575 -|- his “ is t y e a r ” ), the accession of Tutmas II. not earlier than
this date. His name is next on the monuments, contemporaneous — as well as in the
tablet at Abydos, and the series of kings at Gurna.
“ First year of Tutmas I I .” (Leps. k. tab. p. 17), the latest date in his reign found
on the monuments. His name occurs in one or more rock tablets at Tombos (Leps.
eg. and sin. i S ) ; and (according to Champollion-Figeac), he built additions to the temple at Medinet
Abu, and edifices at Semneh in Nubia, and at Esneh.
1575 B. C. ( = 1554 y. 3 mo. -|- “ 20 y. 7 mo.” of Manetho in Jos. c. A., or “ 21
1 y e a r s ” in the Euseb.-Maneth. table), accession of Amindphis, in the Afr.-Maneth.
I table called “ AmSndphthls ” (the termination indicating a female). The name of
queen Amun-u-hnumut is next on contemporaneous monuments ; — but does not occur
in the genealogical series at Abydos, nor in that at Gurna (an omission due perhaps
lo the mode of reckoning).
Her name is associated with that of Tutmas II. at Medinet Abu, in the Assasif, and elsewhere
— (Birch) : and occurs in a tomb at Thebes belonging to the earlier part of the Eighteenth dynasty
(Poole hor, eg. 65).
Peaceful expedition by sea as far as Punt (Pontus ?), now first visited by the Egyptians — (Birch).
Among the articles brought back to Egypt, “ stibium ” is enumerated — (Birch) : the practice of
blackening the eyelids with “ k o h l” (a preparation said to be mainly composed of antimony') seems
figured on the monuments as early as the Seventeenth dynasty ; the use of “ kohl ” or eye-paint is
mentioned in 2 Kings ix. 30; also by Ion, and Julius Pollux v. 16. lo i, the material being termed
“ stimmi” by the Greeks, and “ stibium” by Celsus : the custom continues in Egypt to the present
day; and the importation there of antimony “ from Europe,” is mentioned by For.skal mat. med.
Echinm setosum of the East Mediterranean countries. A rough bristly-leaved herb called in
Egypt “ el kahtali,” its red root and bark persistently and beautifully staining the skin, and employed
as a cosmetic (Forsk.); included perhaps in that composed by queen Annin-u-hnumut on the return of
the Expedition — (see Birch) : “ aghousa r iz a ” used as cosmetic by women, giving rise to the term
“ aghousizSsthai,” is mentioned by Hesychius ; the “ riziou” used by women as cosmetic, by Dioscorides
iv. 98: the “ ghousa” or “ aghousa,” by Aristophanes lys. 48 and eccles. 929; and is described
by Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 to 9. 3 and od. 31 to 33 as having leaves spreading on the ground and a red
root, imported from Syria for colouring ointments : E. setosum was observed by Sibthorp pl. 182, and
Chaubard, from Crete to the Peloponnesus; and by Forskal p. 41, and Delile, on the Mediterranean
border of Egypt.
Populus nigra of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain black poplar (Prior), in Germany
fo j
“ schwarzpappel,” in Italy “ albaro” or “ pioppa” or “ pioppo n ero” (Lenz), ^ Greece “ 0 / 0 ”
(Sibth.), in Egypt “ b a k s ” (Forsk.); and possibly among the foreign trew brought by the «0 / 0 0
planted in E g y p t - ( s e e Birch): tall ornamental trees are figured in gar«n-plans at Gurna (Champ
/ 174, and Rosselin. ii. pl. 68): the “ b k a ym ” of David’s victory at Rephaim (2 Sam. w 23 mid
I Chron, xiv. 14) may prove the origin of the consecration of the “ populus to
P. niroa was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clpt-Bey, in the gardens of Ep-pt ; is known to occur
also in Palestine (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). Farther North, the “ ai#>ros^ is mentioned by Hesiod
Homer, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and the “ aigëirôu kretikes in i Mul. morb. '
was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in wooded situations from *® /® B ° “ ®0 f
throughout Greece. Westward, the “ populus” is mentioned by Cicero, Ovid; as grateful to Hercules,
by Virgil eel. vii. 61, and Pliny xii. 2 ; and the “ populus mgra, by I hny xvn. 0 . 22 : P. nigra
is descrfbed by Tournefort inst. 592, and Blackwell pl. 248 ; was observed by wild in Italy and
is known to grow on river-banks throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl, b . p . 9 ,
and Pers.). Eastward from the Black Sea, is known to grow throughout Northern Asia, being
enumerated by A. Decandolle among the plants extending two-thirds around the Suterctic mrcuit
of the Globe By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues platoed
for o l r / e n t , e sp lc ially / r and near the district drained by the Hudson river.- The y o - S ds
according to Lindley are “ employed as the basis of a balsam and tincture, and occ^ionally n the
preparatton of “ unguentum populeum.” (For the art of making the tree grow unnaturally tall, see
T L f communis of Europe and the Caucasian countries.
Saxon “ peru,” in France “ poire,” in Spain “ pera ” (Prior), in Germany “ birn (Gneb. , in Slavonic
“ krusska” or “ gruscha,” in Celtic “ peren” (A. Dec.), in Italy “ p e r « ’ and
or “ pero selvatico” (Lenz), in Greece “ apithia,” and the wild kind ahlathia (Fraas) in Egypt
“ kummitri ” (Forsk.) ; and possibly among the foreign trees brought by tlm fleet and planted in E ^ p t
- ( s e e Birch) : the fruit-tree figured in one of the tombs at Gurna (Rosselin. 11. pl. 68) seems to belong
here- the “ ap io s ” is mentioned in the Hermetic iatromathem. ; and P. communis was observed by
Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt, the fruit besides imported from
mount Sinai, and from Tor on the Gulf of Akaba, Fartlier North the image of / J®/®/
Peirasus was made of “ ahrathos ” wood (Paus. ii. 17- 5) i « e “ apios ,s mentioned by T eophr^tus,
Istrus Dioscorides, Galen, and Athenaeus xiv. 63 ; P. communis was observed by fobthorp, Chaubard
and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece, both wild and cultivated, and is
known to grow wild about Caucasus (Ledeb.). Westward, the “ pirum ” cultivated m s ^ ^ a l v^ieties
is mentioned by Cato vii. 4, Horace, Virgil, Celsus, Pliny, the ‘ fochras p ir^ by Columella and
“ pirus agrestis” by Palladius iii. 25. i : P. communis was cultivated in Switzerland duiing the Stone
Age, a small-fruited kind “ var. achras ” occurring in debris of the earliest villages (Heer a « Troyon
278 and 443) i ^ termed “ p. sylvestris ” by Tournefort inst. 632 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy
is known to grow wild in middle Europe, and is besides cultivated throughout as far as Lat. 64 (A.
Dec ) Eastward from Caucasus, pears “ from Bunder-Abbas ” on the Persian Gulf were shown me
at Muscat; and are sometimes carried to Hindustan, as appears from i r / i o - r «
“ nashpati” (D’roz.), but the tree remains unknown there even in the Noith (Royle), thou h frs
cultivation has extended by the way of Central Asia to China and Japan (Bunge, and Thunb). y
European colonists, the tree was carried to Northeast America, where it continues succesrfully cultivated
in our Northern States; and to St. Helena, where I found the fruit large but tasteless. (See
vuigaris of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain beet (Prior),
in France “ b e tte ” or “ betterave” (A. D e c ), in Germany “ mangold,” m Italy “ barba or b J 'oH
(Lenz), in Greece “ sëskôula” or “ phëskoula ” and the red-rooted variety “ koldonogouha ^raas),
in Eizypt “ sæ lk ” and the red-rooted variety “ bandsjar” (Forsk.), in Egyptian lôgëin^ (Kirch.),
and possibly brought to Egypt by the Expedition in question - (see Birch) : agreeing with the tuft
of lai o-e leaves on a root figured in the Asasif, and on subsequent monuments (Leps. d. 111. 0 . 19 and
78): B. vulgaris was observed by Abd-allatif ii. i, Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation m Egypt.
Farther North, the “ sëutlôn” or “ tëutlôn” is mentioned in the Batrachomyomachia, Mso by Crates,
Melanthius, Aristophanes pac. 1008, Eudemus, Diphilus, and Athenaeus il. 57 ; the “ tëutlon l« k o n
and “ mëlan” are distinguished by Theophrastus vii. 4, and Dioscorides; B. vulgaris was observed
by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, and by Fraas under cultivation in Greece, the white-rooted
variety for the leaves only, which are eaten as greens. Westward, the “ brta is mentioned by Plautus
and Pliny, the “ pede candida b e ta ” by Columella x. 251, “ fatuae fabrorum prandia betae^ by
Ma’rtial, and “ betizare” by Suetonius oct. 87; B. vulgaris is described by Fuclmius, Cæsalpmu^
Olivier de Serres, and Parkinson ; and is known to be cultivated in Italy and throughout middle
Europe (Ait. and Pers.). Eastward from Egypt, is cultivated in Hindustan for its leaves only and