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124 CH RO NO LO G ICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
In this year (Davis, Colebrooke as. res. v. 288 to viii. 489, and Elphinst. ni. i to 3, compare the
adoption of the kali-yug referred in the Braminical books to “ about 1400 B. C .,” Buns. iv. 7. p , ‘he
date indicated by the position of the solstitial points at the time of the division of the ecliptic into
twenty-seven lunar mansions, and instituting “ a cycle of five years of lunar months ; ” an arrangement
containing “ the rudiments of the calendar” in use throughout Hindustan.*
Bela succeeded by Jobab or Job, second king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 33, i Chron. t. 44, and Jul.
“ 1379 B. C. = the Eighth manwantara” among the Hindus — (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentley
as. res. viii. 244'. .
1378 B. C. = “ 22d year of Seti Mienptah,” in an excavated chapel at Silsilis ; the latest date in
his reign found on the monuments.
A library in Thebes in the “ Fourteenth” century B. C. (Leps. eg. and sin. 391 to 397), and
there is “ reason for considering it neither the most ancient nor the only one m Egypt.” — Several
“ hieratic papyri ” are “ dated frlm the Rameseion ; ” and the “ tombs o f two librarians of this time
have been discovered. „ ,
“ 1377 B. C. 25th year of Pan-keng ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-second
^ Beside'b building at Karnac the great hall of columns (regarded as the most imposing wofo ever
constructed by human hands) Seti Mienptah set up obelisks (one of which is now in Rome) 0n_d
his name occurs on other monuments throughout Egypt and in Nubia; in the cave-temple near B ^ i -
hassan ; in the Theban Desert at Wadi-el-Moyeh towards the Red Sea ; at Sesebi or Sese m Nuffia,
but notVartber South (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 235) ; and at Sarbut-el-Khadem, Elephantine, and Silsilis.
He also commenced the temple at Gurna, in the Western quarter of Thebes. , , . ™
Trifolium Alexandrinum of the East Mediterranean countries. A kind of clover called in Egy0
“ bersun” or “ bersim ” (Forsk.), and seemingly corresponding with the plant held by an Asiatic
captive on the walls of the temple at Gurna - (Champ, pl, 167) : T. Alexandrinum was observed by
Forskal p. 139, and Delile, abundantly cultivated in Egypt for feeding cattle; also according to C ot-
Bey ii. 39 in Syria, and the seeds exported to Egypt. Farther North, the cultivated “ ërusimon of
Theophrastus and others, may be compared : T. Alexandrinum was observed by Chaubard m wild
situations in the Peloponnesus ; and farther West, “ T . Latinum ” of Sebastian! is regarded by him
as possibly identical. „ , , \
“ 1373 B. C. = is t year of Siao-sin, of the Chang ” or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
1371 B. C. ( = 1425 — “ 54 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Pherecyd. . . . ), in
the Peloponnesus, Criasus succeeded by his son Phorbas, sixth Argive king.
A portion of the walls of the tomb of Seti Mienptah, is devoted to Ethnography; the inhabitants
of the four quarters of the world being represented in their respective costumes ; mdudmg Egypt
as the Western quarter. , . , ,
The people of the North (probably from the Euxine) are fair-complexioned, and wear egpt-
plumesanà skin-cloaks, in one instance clearly an ox-hide : there is perhaps no evidence that they
were acquainted with the art of weaving doth. . . , .
The cloaks are bordered and ornamented with down ox f u r (very distinct in the original painting
examined by mvself at Thebes), and if fur, of the ermine Mustela erminea : - this animal in h abit«
Switzerland during the Stone Age (Rütim., and Troyon) ; “ pontici mures albi ” are mentioned 0
Pliny viii 55, and the “ mustela alpina ” or “ alba ” and “ muris pontici pellicula ” were known to the
Romans (Ainsw.); “ ermin ” is enumerated by Marco Polo 71 among the furs brought from the
country North of the Altai. , , , , • r ,i
Quercus infectoria of the East Mediterranean countries. The black lines on the skin of these
people of the North — (Champ.-Fig. pl. i) seem made with nut-galls; a custom I found extant at
* Traha bicornis of Southern China. Called in Hindustan “ singhara” (W. Jones), in the
environs of Bombay “ shingaree ” (Graham), in Sanscrit “ sringata ” from its horned nut which is
placed among the lunar constellations - (W. Jones as. res. iv. p. 253) 1 the “ sringata” ,s mentioned
also bv Susrutas sutr. 46: T. bicornis was observed in Hindustan by Rheede xi. pl. 33, Roxburgh
cor. iii. pl. 234, W ight; by Graham, “ in tanks throughout the Concans,” preserved from extirpation
bv “ the Bhoie or Hamal caste of fishermen” by transplanting in the dry season, the fruit employed
“ in makimz a dye of a red colour ” for “ the Hooly fe.stival,” also “ eaten by the natives on fast
days ” a « T n Goozerat “ an important article of food to certain classes.” Farther East, was obsmved
by Loureiro in Southern China; and the “ pi-tsi ” or “ chataigne d’eau ” is enumeratad by Cibot
(mem. Chin. iii. p. 451) as long cultivated in China, a superior kind occurring m the South. (See
T. natans, and T. incisa.)
OF AC COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 1 2 5
Mocha, the pigment being of course imported: nut-galls are called in Egypt “ a f s ” (possibly from
the Egyptian “ apë ” or “ aphë ” signifying head), and were further ascertained by Forskal mat. med.
to be imported “ from Syria and Greece.” The “ kêkis ” is mentioned by Aeschylus ag. 934, Demosthenes
816. 20, and Dioscorides ; “ gallae ” by Virgil, the best according to Pliny xvi. 9 and xxiv. 5
brought from “ Commagena,” the district yielding the Aleppo galls of the present day : Q. infectoria,
a shrub oak, was observed by Olivier ii. pl. 14 and 15 in Asia Minor, by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
in Greece.
j k a hieroglyphic character occurring (according to Bunsen and Birch) on the walls of this tomb ;
(beaver signifying author of his own distress Horap. ii. 61) ; “ nôëik ” or “ nôik ” adulterer, also
unbeliever; “ pôrk ” or “ pork ” or “phôrk ” or “ phôrk,” to pluck out. Non-conformists to established
religion being included, — we have an explanation of the Scriptural application of the term
“ adulterous” to whole nations. Compare in Hebrew, “ nkr ” foreigner, “ nkryë ” strange woman,
and in vulgar English “ nocker.”
The drug castoreum probably the means through which the beaver became known to tlie Egyptians
; for the living animal occurs only in the distant North: inhabiting among other countries
Switzerland during the Stone period, as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Riitimeyer, in
Troyon habit, lac. p. 442). — The “ k a s tô r ” or beaver is mentioned by Herodotus iv. 9, Nicander
ther. 565, Dioscorides ; and its product castoreum, by Lucretius, Strabo, Celsus, Pliny, Juvenal,
Galen, and by the Arab writers Rhazes, Avicenna, and Serapion. The importation into Egypt of
“ castoreum, djild menaster,” is enumerated by Forskal mat. med.
1368 B. C. ( = 1323 -|- “ 45 years ” of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Amyntas as
Assyrian emperor.
Eighty-eighth generation. May ist, 1367, mostly beyond youth : Chelubai or Caleb, son of
Hezron ( i Chron. ii. 9 and 18), Tahan (num. xxvi. 35, and i Chron. vii. 25) ; and among Greeks,
Oceanus father of Clymene (Dionys. i. p. 45).
Jobab succeeded by “ Husham of the land of Temani,” now third king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 35,
and I Chron i. 45).
Among moveable articles in the tomb of Seti Mienptah (discovered and opened by Belzoni)
were “ wooden statues coated with bitumen ; ” the earliest instance known of the employment of this
material— (Birch) : its use for embalming soon became general ; quantities being imported overland
as is alleged from the country on the Euphrates.
1366 B. C. (=T 1417 — “ 12 y. I mo. — 9 — 12 y. 5 mo. — 12 y. 3 mo. — 4 y- i mo. —•
I y. 4 mo.” of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 51 y. 2 m o = “ 51 years of Sëthôs ” in the
Afr.-Maneth. table, giving in another place “ 32 -(- 6 + 12 y.” = 50), accession of
Armësës Miammôu. Ramessu IL, third king of the Nineteenth dynasty, corresponds
on the monuments : and he is placed next after Seti Mienptah in the series of kings
at Abydos, Gurna, — and at Medinet Abu.
1365 B. C. = “ 2d year of Ramessu II.,” in an inscription at Nahr-el-Kelb in Syria — (Leps. eg.
and sin. 23).
1364 B. C. = “ 3d year of Ramessu IL ,” excavation of a well at Redisieh or Contra Pselcis —
(Birch).
1363 B. C, = “ 4th year of Ramessu I I . i n a second inscription at Nahr-el-Kelb in Syria —
(Leps. 1. c.).
1362 B. C. = “ the month Epiphi in the 5th year of Ramessu,” commencement of his campaign
against the Khita of Syria — (Birch).
135g B. C. = “ 8th year of Ramessu IL ,” capture of “ Shaluma” or Jerusalem, also of “ Tapura ”
or Dabir at the foot of mount Tabor, and of “ Askaluna ” or Ascalon — (Birch).
1358 B. C. = “ 9th year of Ramessu 11.,” — in the poetical account of his campaigns called the
“ Sallier papyrus,” supposed to have been written not long after his death. (See Seti-Mienptah I I.,
and Leps. eg. and sin. 394).
Besides campaigns in the North, Ramessu II. extended his conquests up the Nile to Gebel
Barkal; farther than any of his predecessors, and the limit of all subsequent Egyptian conquests
(the granite rams inscribed with the name of Amunhotep I II . being regarded by Lepsius as probably
brought “ from S o leb ” ). A t Gebel Barkal, Ramessu II. built a great temple; evidently by Egyptian
workmen, — and like all monumental remains in Nubia down to the Twenty-fifth dynasty, in the
Egyptian style of art. Moveable articles have been found farther up the Nile : as an Egyptian statue
of Osiris in “ black granite” at Soba, in company with a “ bronze v a s e ” and “ small Venus of Greek
workmanship;” but of fixed Greek inscriptions, the “ most Southern” were at Gebel Barkal (Leps.
eg. and sin. p. 17, 162, and 189 to 222); and this continued the limit of Egyptian and European
influence throughout the Roman and Early Christian periods.
Borassus Aethiopicus of the Upper Nile. The deleb palm is by the Negroes called “ m’voomo”
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