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676 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
“ In this year (= 432 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), sultan Masaud defeated at Zendecan near Merv
by Toohral Beg and the Seljuks, the first horde of Tartars that acquired possessions South of the
Oxus.”” Masaud retreated to Ghazni, and across the Indus, — where m the following year he was
dethroned and put to death. His son Modud, having married a granddaughter ot Togh.-Beg, was
enabled to recover Ghazni and maintain his authority.
“ 1040 A. D.” (Nicoh), Duncan succeeded by Macbeth, as king of Scotland.
“ In the Eleventh centurv ” (Pouchet), the w/iatt-ione procured along the Atlantic coast of Europe
appears to have been claimed and regarded as the special property of the feudal chiefs.— This is
expressed in charters of the time of Edward II. The “ nordhval ” of the Norwegians and IcManders
of the Twelfth century is clearly the rig/U -whale Balaena mysticetus ; the mystery as to its food,
bein» of course due to filtration through the bands of whalebone in the mouth.
“ 1041, June 8th” (Nicol.), accession of Edward I I I . the Confessor, son of Ethelred I I ., and
now nineteenth king of England. , . , „
“ The same year” (Alst.), Michael IV. succeeded by Michael V. Calaphata, forty-third Byzantine
*^“ The same year” (Nicol.), several synods in France. And in one, ordained that “ from Wednesday
evening until Monday morning, no one should take anything by force, nor revenge an injury.
“ 1041-8 A. D.” (Humb. cosm. ii), printing with moveable types practised in China.
“ 1042 A. D.” (Alst.), Michael V. succeeded by Constantinus X. Monomachus, forty-fourth
Byzaniine emperor. „ .x n •
“ 1043 A. D. (= 435 A. H.” of Ferisht, Elph.), the Panjab overrun by the Hindu king of Delhi,
who captured Nagarcot and laid siege lo Lahore. This last Muslim stronghold was saved by the
bravery of the garrison, and a false report of the approach of sultan Modud.
Carissa spinarum of Tropical Eastern Asia. An allied species called in Japan “ sonoki ” or by
some persons “ fira ” or “ virasi ” (Thunb.) ; and (notwithstanding C. carandas was always brought
to W Jones) probably the “ carcandhu ” ofthe Amara-cosha,—and Jayadeva, lips compared with
the red lustre of its fruit by Kalidasa sacont: C. spinarum is described by Rumphius vii. pl. 19 ; was
observed by Graham “ in gardens” around Bombay, “ very beautiful when covered with bright red
fruit,” which “ makes good tarts.” Farther East, was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, m Japan,
cultivated in vases, and in rare instances springing up spontaneously.
“ 1044 A. D.” (Alst, and Nicob), at Rome, Benedictus IX., the last archbishop who m his Bulls
used the years of ihe German emperors, succeeded by Gregorius VI. ^ ^
“ 1046 A. D.” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Go-siu-saki succeeded by his eldest son Go-reisei or
Rei-sei IL, seventieth dairo of Japan.
“ The same year” (Marcel 106), the mosque of Amru at Fostat near Cairo, repaired by order ot
sultan Mostanser. .
“ About Christmas ” (Alst. p. 352, and Nicob), a synod at Sutri near Rome. Gregorius VI. was
deposed, Clemens II. elected his successor, and the law renewed, making the consent of the emperor
indispensable to elections of the archbishops of Rome.
“ 1048 A. D.” (Alsti. and Nicob), at Rome, Clemens II. succeeded by Damasus II., eighty-sixtli
archbishop. , r „ “ In the middle of the Eleventh century” (E. A. Soph.), first appearance of the English at Constantinople,
as battle-axe men forming a part of the emperor’s body-guard and called “ Varag£i.
they are termed Kelts by Cedrenus ii. 613; “ barbarians from Thule,” by Anna Comnena 1. 120
(compare Burray in the Shetland Islands) ; and according to Curopalates 57, spoke “ igklinisti,
1049 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicob), at Rome, Damasus II. succeeded by Leo IX., eighty-seventh
aichbsho£.^^ (+441 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Modud succeeded by his brother Abul Hasan,
now sultan of Ghazni. ,
“ 1050, May 2d ” (Alst., and Nicol.), a synod convened at Rome. The opinions of Berenger on
transubstantiation were opposed by Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury (regarded as the earliest scholastic
theologian). “ The same year ” (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Hermannus Conlractus.
“ In this year ” (= 1192 — “ 142 years ” of Abul-Fazil, Wilford as. res. ix. 170), the city of Delhi
on the Ganges founded by Raya-sena, head of the Tomara dynasty: or according to Elphinstone iv.
conquered by Visal, Hindu king of Ajmir, and ancestor of Prithwi.
In this year (= “ 400 -j- 650 yrs.” of Bigandet, Max Müll. p. xvi), the transcribed Bucimsi
scriptures and other writings of Budhaghosha carried from Ceylon to Pagan in Burmah.
“ 1051 A. D.” (Humb. atl. pict.), pestilence and destruction among the Toltecs ; who now pusi
their migrations farther South.
Carica papaya of Panama. Called by Portuguese colonists, “ papay ” or “ mamocira ” (Marcgr.),
in Carib “ abapaye ” or “ aleulé ” or “ alélé ” (Desc.), and from early times cultivated for its fruit * —
(Humb. iv. 9) 1 the “ higos del mastuerzo ” was known to Oviedo nat. hyst. 70 as growing on the
Panama Isthmus ; C. papaya was observed by Ximenes in Mexico (Marcgr. 104); by Beechey 425,
at Realejo in Mexico ; by Squier (as he informed me) to all appearance indigenous in Nicaragua by
Hernandez 99, seemingly indigenous on Hayti; by Sloane on Jamaica, according to Browne indigenous
there ; by Marcgraf “ in 1648 ” in Brazil, the female plant chiefly in gardens and the male plant
in the woods, but so far as observed by myself in Southern Brazil a decidedly introduced plant. ^ Possibly
by Polynesians, was carried to the islands of the Pacific, where it seems to have been distribut£
after the visit of Foster; was observed by myself very generally cultivated by the natives on Metia,
Taheiti, the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, and according to Hale is called in
Feejeean, “ walete.” Clearly by European colonists, was carried across the Pacific to the Philippines,
where it is called in Tagalo “ papaya’’ (Blanco); to the neighbouring i.slands, introduced by the Portu-
»uese (Rumph. i. 147) ; to Anam and Tropical China (Boymius, and Lour.); to Burmah, called there
“ them-bau-thee” (Mason) ; to Hindustan, called in Hindustanee and Bengalee “ pepeya,” m Tamil
“ pappali-marum,” in Malabar “ pappoia-umbbalay-marum ” (Drur.), observed in Malabar by Rheede 1.
pl. IS, by Graham, as far as Bombay, anci now cultivated throughout, its milky juice a powerful vermi-
fu»e, possessing besides the peculiar property of rendering meat tender (Ainsl., Roxb., Drur., and
Lindl.); lo Yemen, called there “ amba hindi” Indian mango (Forsk.); to Eastern Equatorial
Africa, observed by myself on Zanzibar. From “ Inde Orientale” brought to Europe by de Valle “ in
1626,” is described by Columna pl. (A. Dec.) ; and recently, according to Ciot-Bey, has been successfully
cultivated in Egypt; probably from America, was carried to Western Equatorial Africa (R.
Brown con».), and the Mauritius Islands (Boj.).
“ In this year (= 443 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Abul Hasan succeeded by Abul Rashid, now
sultan of Ghazni. He recovered the Panjab, which had been seized by a Muslim chief.
“ 1052 A. D. (= 444 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Abul Rashid succeeded by Farokbzad, now
sultan of Ghazni. He gained advantages over the Seljuk Tartars until checked by Alp Arslan.
In this year (= “ 1027 -(- 25 yrs.” of Kalhan. hist. Cash., H. H. Wils.), Samgrama succeeded by
Harir, and after “ twenty-two days ” by Ananta as king of Cashmere.
“ 1053, June iSth ” (Blair), archbishop Leo IX. defeated in the kingdom of Naples by the Normans,
and taken prisoner.
“ In or about this year ” (Way pref. pr. pm.), the vocabulary called Elementarium compiled by
Papias. — It appears to be the ground-work of the dictionary of Uguitio or Hugo.
“ 1055 A- D.” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo IX. succeeded by Victor II., eighty-eighth archbishop.
“ The same year ” (Alst.), Constantinus X. succeeded by his widow Theodora Porphyrogenita,
as ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
* Mammea Americana of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. A
Calophylloid tree called by Spanish and English colonists mammee or mamee, by French “ abricotier
d’Amérique” (A. Dec.), and its fruit eaten from early times: the “ m am ei” —was observed by r * V • ___ __ __tt OT-..OT,,r : irovrr ll Î fvl-« troAc factino" «liLp nparh ”
hyst. 62 and gen. hist. viii. 20 : M. Americana was observed by Sloane ii. pl. 217, and Macfadj-en,
wild in the West Indies; by Jacquin am. pl. 182, wild on the neighbouring portion of South America;
is also cultivated, but does not appear to have been carried to other countries (A. Dec.). According
to Lunan, and Lindley, its “ bark abounds in a strong resinous gum, used by negroes for extracting
chigoes from their feet.”
Cereuspitnyaya of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. An upright
cactus bearing edible fruit, known from early times : the “ pitahaya ” — is described by Oviedo gen.
hist. viii. pl. 23, and its fruit pronounced wholesome ; was observed by Guzman on Puerto Rico
(soc. Hackl.) ; and is known to grow in maritime thickets at the Northern extreme of South America,
near Carthagena (Jacq., and Pers.).
Crescentia cujete of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The calabash
tree called in Mexico “ tecomate ” (Blanco), and known from early times : — the “ higuero ” is
described by Oviedo nat. hyst. 73 as a tree bearing “ calabaQas redondas” used for dnnking-ves-
sels, the natives 011 the greater part of Tierra firme having no other kind : C. cujete was observed
by Plumier 23, Swartz obs. 234, ancl Jacquin am. pl. i ii , on the West Indies and neighbouring mainland.
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