-n . .Jh
338
ill
Jri'isSi? l;'i
Ü' :;r
; • r 9 „4;
rài:*:
«f!l
d à . +
+ ■ ìSi
'■ J fl+ íii
■ " '/ :} ! liä
t è i j
” ’ji3( -s
■ sg i’l| :iiî
*■ <
«Bi
h i c «
Philippus Aridaeus, Alexander IV., and their motlier Roxana. Perdiccas in reality seeking tlie
government, was prevented by Ptolemy and put to death. The body of Alexander was then buried,
and the Royal family departed for Macedonia. — In tlie time of Strabo, the original golden sarcophagus
having disappeared, the body was contained in one of glass. A sarcophagus of solid gokl is
mentioned by Bonomi as recently discovered by Aralis in Egypt.
“ The same y e a r ” (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), near Beneventum in Italy, the defeated Romans
passing under the.Samnite yoke. The peace made by the consuls, was however not ratified by the
liome government, and war continued.
Trigonella elatior of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ cmërôn triphqlli ” or
“ agria murôthia” (Fraas); in which we recognize the “ murôlëtôs ” of ancient Greek writers —
(J. P. lex.) : the “ lô to s ” herb according to Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 to 15. 3 has stem-leaves only,
and there are several kinds ; is mentioned as coronary by Theocritus xvii. 43 ; and the “ lôtôs
agrios ” of Dioscorides, growing mostly in Libya, two cubits Iiigh with leaves like those of the “ lôtô
tripluillô” of gardens, and seed like fenugreek but much smaUer, is referred here by writers : T.
elatior is termed “ melilotus syriaca odora” by Lobel ii. pi. 4 2 ;-was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Àsia Minor. Westward,
the “ lôtôs agriôs ” or “ livuôn” or “ Iriphullôn ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ Iriphô-
lioum minous ” of the Romans ; and the “ trifolium cujus minima sint folia” is mentioned by Pliny
xxi. 88: T. elatior is termed “ lotus sylvestris ex codice cæsareo ” (illustr. ms. Diosc.), also “ trifolium
italicum sive melilotus italica corniculis incurvis ” by Bauhin hist. ii. 372. T. corniculata,
called in Greece nikaki ” (Sibth.), but regarded as perhaps not distinct (Steud.), was observed by
Sibthorp, and D ’Urville, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; and Westward,
is described by Gesner hort. f. 265; is termed “ melilotus major” by Tragus 592, “ m. italica” by
Fuchsius 528, “ trifolium corniculatum alterum ” by Dodoens 573, “ foenuni-gi-æcum sylvestre meliloti
fa c ie ” by Tournefort cor. 28; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (All.,
and Pers.).
Melilotus Messanensis of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece “ êmërôn
triphulli ” (Fraas) ; and probably one of the kinds of “ lôtôs ” already known to the Greeks : — the
“ lôtos ômëros” of Dioscorides, springing up in gardens, its juice removing spots and cloudiness
from the eyes, identified in the added Synonyms with the “ triphullôn ” or “ trivôliôn ” or “ tripôthiôn,”
is referred here by Sibthorig and Fraas: M. Messanensis is termed “ m. m. procumbens folliculis
rugosis sublongis spicis florum brevibus” by Tournefort inst. 407; was observed by Sibtliorp, Bory,
and Frans, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece; by Delile, around
Rosetta, Damietta, and Cairo. Westward, was observed by Desfontaines ii. 192 in Barbary; is
said to occur also in Italy and Sicily (Pers.), but seems unknown around Messina (Arrosli, and
Sibth. 1782).
Trifolium resupinatum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt “ djulban” or “ g u r t ”
(Forsk.); and possibly one of the kinds of “ lô tô s ” in question : — the “ lôtô tripluillô” springing
up in “ hôrtôkôpëiôis ” is mentioned by Dioscorides iv. n o and i n ; the “ gramine h e rb a ” called
“ chortinon ” from which oil is procured in Egyint, by Pliny xv. 7 ; and the “ kurth,” hy Abu Hanifa,
Ebn Redwlian, and Ebn Baitar: P. resupinatum is termed “ t. melilotus diffusa vel bicornis” by
Forskal, and was observed by him, and Delile, at Rosetta Damietta and Cairo ; liy Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, frequent throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westwai d, is described by Bauhin
hist. ii. 379, and Barrelier pl. 872; is termed “ t. pratense folliculatum ” by Tournefort inst. 404;
and is known to grow seemingly wild as far as middle Europe : wa.s once introduced into England,
where it continued many years, but finally disappeared (Wats. cyb. 301, and A. Dec ).
“ 320 B. C. = 1st year of Chin-tseng-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron.
table).
In his reign (Pautli. 193), more than “ eighty thousand ” persons slain in civil or rallier feudatory
warfare by the adherents of the prince of Thsin.
Taheiti colonized directly or indirectly from the Samoan Islands, the “ mother country” of the
Polynesians (next after “ Pulotu” or “ Pu ro tu ”), long before — the Marquesas (J. Williams miss, ent.
57, and Hale ethnog, Expl. exp. 120 to 148. See Taumaco).
l/reua lobata of Tropical Africa and Asia. A suffruticose weed called on the Upper Nile
“ milenda ” (Grant), in Hindustanee,and Bengalee “ bun-okra ” (Drur. p. 483) ; and carried to Taliciti
possibly by the first colonists : * — occurring on the islands of tlie Pacific in the days of Rumphius
* Urena sinuata, closely allied, but regarded as distinct. Called in the environs of Bombay
“ jungly k apas” (Graham) ; and known as far as the Feejeean Islands as early perhaps as this date :
— observed a weed there by myself; is described by Rumphius vi. pi. 25 ; was observed by Rheede
X. p l. 2, in Malabar; by Graham, “ common in waste lan d s ” in the environs of Bombay; by Roxvi,
pl. 25 (A. Dec.) ; observed by myself in cultivated ground and neglected clearings on the Taheitian,
Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands ; by Rumphius, and myself, in the Malayan archipelago ;
known to occur also in China (Pers.) ; was observed by Mason v. 519 in Burmah, “ a weed which
abounds all over the coast ” and is used for making cordage ; by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight,
“ common in most parts of India” and useful for its fibres ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, “ common
in waste jjlaces during the rains ; ” but according to A. Decandolle is not known to have a
Sanscrit name. Westward, was observed by Grant from “ 2° to 3° N .” along the Nile, frequent
and its bark made into cordage; is known to grow also in Western Equatorial Africa (J. D. Hook.,
and Benth. fl. nigr. 226). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands and the
West Indies (Descourtilz), no Carib name being given; to Southern Brazil, observed by myself
frequent in the outskirts of Rio Janeiro. Transported to Europe, is described by Dillenius elth. pl.
319, and Linnæus.
“ 318 B. C .” (Sm. b. d ), M. Foslius Flaccinalor and L. Plautius Venno consuls at Rome.
Truce with the Samnites for two years.
“ The same y e a r ” (Lubke and Lutrow), at Athens, the Choragic monument of Thrasyllus
erected.
As early perhaps as this year, the physician Apollodorus writing to king Ptolemy on the different
kinds of wine, those of Italy being as yet unknown — (Plin. xiv. 9).
A juga iva of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt “ missæka ” (Forsk.) or “ meskeh ”
(D e l ) ; and the X AM A 1111T Y C identified by Apollodorus with the I Q N I A N of the Athenians or
CIAHPITIN o f Euboea or 0 AO K Y PO N — (Athen, xv. 28), may be compared: the “ iòn ia ” is
enumerated by Theophrastus ii. i. 3 to vi. i. i among frutescent small-leaved coronary plants; is
identified through Syn. Diosc. with the “ ôlôkurôn” of Pontus ; and according to Dioscorides, the
“ hamaipitus ” having leaves like “ aëizôô mikrö ” is used at Heraclea in Pontus as an antidote against
“ akönitön ; ” is further identified in the added Synonyms with the “ aima alhenas ” of the jjrophets :
A. iva is termed “ c. moschata foliis serratis, an prima Dioscoridis ” by Tournefort inst. 20S ; was
observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus and Crete throughout the Greek
islands ; by Forskal p. 158, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the
“ hamaipitus” or “ pitusôrusin ” or “ orëizëlôn ” or “ vruônian agrian ” is identified in Syn. Diosc.
with the “ thôhëla ” of the Dacians, and “ kupripöum ” of the Romans : A. iva is described by
Clusius hist. ii. 186 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow in dry sandy situations
throughout Southern Europe (Cav. pl. 120, and Pers.).
Asclepias Dioscoridis of the East Mediterranean countries. Tl i eKIPKAIAN: PIZAN prescribed
by Apollodorus— (Athen. iii, 15. 6), clearing the matrix according to Dioscorides, growing in stony
airy and sunny situations, its several shoots with numerous small black flowers, “ këghrôëithë ” fruit
within as if liorns inducing abundance of milk, may be compared : is identified in the added Synonyms
with the “ thirkaian : ” A. Dioscoridis with flowers “ nigro purpuréis” is described by Fraas, as
observed at Delphi on Euboea, at the elevation of three thousand feet.
Cynanchum nigrum of the West Mediterranean countries. — Referred here by Anguillara p. 229
(Spreng.) : C. nigrum has not been observed in Greece, but is known to grow on the hills of Italy
and Southern France (Pers., and Lenz).
Heliotropium Europæum of Tropical Arabia. Called in Italian drug-shops “ verrucaria ” (Lenz),
burgh, Royle, and Wight, as far as Bengal, the fibres of its bark o f like quality with those of U.
lobata. Transported to Europe, is de.scribed by Linnæus
Colubrina Asiatica of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A shrub called
in the environs of Bombay “ go otee ” (Graham); and known doubtless to the first colonists of
Taheiti: — observed liy niyself in clearings and natural openings on the Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan,
and Feejeean Islands, but not in the inland forest, seemingly indigenous also in the Malayan archipelago
; is known to grow on Luzon (Pers.); is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah;
was observed by Burmann pl. 48 on Ceylon ; by Rheede v. pl. 47, in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, and
Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Graham, as far as Bombay, “ common on Elephanta
and the Ghauts.”
Melastoma Malabathrica of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A shrub
called in Tagalo “ buyong” (Blanco) ; and known at least to the first colonists of Taheiti : — observed
by myself in clearings and natural openings on the Taheitian, Samoan, and Feejeean Islands and
in the Malayan arcliipelago, but nowhere producing edible fruit ; by Blanco on the Philippines, a
single branch brought from Cebu ; by Jack (linn, trans, xiv. 4), abundant on Sumatra and the neighbouring
islands ; by Burmann pl. 73, on Ceylon ; by Rheede iv. pl. 42, in Malabar ; by Nimmo, in
the Southern Concan, and by Lush “ about Asunwaree ” in the Southern Mahratta country (Graham) ;
by Roxburgh, and Wiglit, in other parts of Hindustan.
i i i ' ft*
I Xr tt