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painting of the battle-scene by Bularclius, — was purchased less than eleven years afterwards by the
Lydian king Candaules (Plin. vii. 38, and xxxv. 8).
Tilia Europæa oi middle and Northern Europe. Called by Chaucer “ linde,” in the ballad of
Robin Hood “ lyne,” in current English linden or line or lime (Prior), in Welsh “ pisgwydden,” in
German “ Unde,” in Finnish “ lechmus,” in Slavonian “ lep a ” or “ lipa,” in Morduan “ piksclia”
(A. Dec.), in France “ tilleul ” (Nugent), in Italy “ tiglio ” or “ tiglia ” (Lenz) ; and doubtless furnishing
implements in use among the Treres: — the “ tilia ” is mentioned by Virgil, and Columella,
by Pliny xvi. 30 as growing in the mountain valleys of Italy : T. Europæa is known to grow in Italy
(Lenz) and throughout middle Europe as far as Finland, the inner bark much used in the North for
cordage (fl. Dan. pl. 553, Pers., and Prior). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America,
where it continues to be sometimes planted for ornament. The flowers, according to Host, and
Lindley, are used in “ infusion in Austria with much success in vertigo and spasms.”
The same year ( = 717 y. 287/f/ d. -|- “ 9 years ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xvii. i and xv. 30),
Pekah slain and succeeded by Plosliea, nineteenth and last king of Israel.
“ 726 B. C.” ( . . . Blair . . . ), the Spartans defeated by the Messenians under Aristodemus
and despairing of a speedy termination of the war, send home permission to “ their wives to prostitute
themselves.”
“ The same y e a r ” ( = 721 + “ 5 y e a rs ” of the Astronom, can., and Clint, i. p. 278), Chinzirus
and Porus succeeded by Jugaeus, as king of Babylon.
723 B. C. ( = 738 y. s S f î f — “ >6 years ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xvi. 2 and 2 Chron.
xxviii. i), Ahaz succeeded at Jerusalem by his son Hezekiah, sixteenth Jewish king.
A postal establishment at this time in Palestine : at least, royal proclamations and official letters
were delivered regularly by couriers (2 Chron. x.xix. 3 to x x x . 10).
“ The same y e a r ” (T y r t , Pausan. iv. 13. 5, and Clint.), shortly after the suicide of Aristodemus
(see Cyiiodon dactylon), the Messenian war closed by the capture of Ithome by the Spartans under
Theopompus. A portion of the Messenians abandoning their country, sailed under Alcidamas to
Southern Italy ancl settled in Rhegium.
“ 722 B C. ( = 616 -|- “ 132 yrs.” of ten lunations of pontif. reckoning, Sm. biogr. diet. . . . ), not
earlier than this date, founding of the city of Rome. The date is confirmed by historic probability,
and by Cicero tusc. i. i, who makes Romulus contemporary with the Greek poet Archilochus.
The selection by Romulus of “ a healthy spot in an infected region ” (Cic. de republ.) reveals the
presence of the Italiaiumalaiia: — five hundred years later, soldiers protested against being quartered
in the unhealthy environs of Rome (Liv.) ; field-labor, according to Cato re rust., cannot be
undertaken in summer in places where the atmosphere is unhealthy; the unhealthy atmosphere in
Apulia and near Brundusium, is mentioned by Caesar bell. civ. ; and the owners of unhealthy estates
are counselled by Varrò to sell, or abandon them altogether (Schouw plants and man vi.).
The innovation of wreathing rhortals as early at least as Romulus, — a practice among the
Romans confined to warlike deeds (Plin. xvi. 4).
Ostrya vulgaris of the countries on the North side of the Mediterranean. The hop-hornbeam is
called in Italy “ carpine nero” or “ carpinella” or “ ostria” (Lenz), in Greece “ os trua ” (Sibth.), and
the “ arbori in fe lic i” of the laws of Romulus — (Just. Lips., and Dion. Hal. ed. Reiske), signifying
gallows according to Cicero . . . , may be compared : the “ carpinus a t ra ” is mentioned by Cato 31 ;
the “ ostryn ” or “ ostryam,” by Pliny xiii. 37 as “ solitariam circa saxa aquosa,” but his account
seems taken chiefly from Theophrastus : O. vulgaris is described by Micheli pl. 104, and is known to
grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Scop., Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, the “ ostrus ”
or “ ostruan” is described by Theophrastus iii. 10. 3 as the only one of its kind, and allied in its
aspect and bark to the beech, its fruit in shape and colour resembling barley, and wood hard, but
regarded inauspicious if brought into a house, inducing difficult parturition and a miserable death:
O. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus.
Celtis Australis of Barbary. A species of nettledree called in Germany “ zurgelbaum,” in Italy
“ p erlaro” or “ bagolaro” or “ glra co lo ” (Lenz), in France “ micocoulier” (Fée), in Greece
“ mikrôkôukki” (Fraas) or “ mikrököuköuli ” or “ glukokokka ” or “ këratha ” N'bth.), in Spain
“ almez” (Spreng.), in which we recognize the “ m is ” identified by Ebn Baitar with the “ lo to s ; ”
e.xotic in Italy but a tree in the Vulcanali as old as Rome, planted by Romulus after his victory “ de
decumis” — Jlasur.), one in the area Lucina known in the “ three hundred and seventy-ninth year of
Rome,” and an earlier third to which the hair of Vestal virgins was carried, the “ celtin ” with blackish
wood in request for flutes being identical (Plin. xiii. 32 and xvi. 85) : C. Australis is described by
Anguillara . . . , and Camerarius pl. 155 ; is termed “ c. fructu nigricante ” by Tournefort inst. 612 ;
occurs in various parts of Southern Europe, a tree near A ix in Provence being more than five hundred
years old (Fée, and Lenz p. 15) ; and is known to grow wild in Barbary (Duham. i. pl. 53, and Pers.).
Eastward, the “ livus aulos ” Lybian flute is mentioned by Euripides ale. 346 and troad. 544: the
“ lô to s ” with blackish wood is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 2 5 ; the
corides as a bi“ tree with sweet edible fruit larger than a gram of pepper : C. Australis was observed
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from Crete and the Peloponnesus ^ Constantinople; by Belon
in Syria ; and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as recently introduced mto Egypt. The wood
accordimz to Sprengel highly esteemed, being hard heavy and blackish.
A g i t e , nma coronaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Ca ed m France coque-
lourde'^ (Fée), in Germany “ gartenrade,” in Italy “ cotonella ” or “_coronaria ” or in gardens velu-
dini” (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the “ luhnis stëphanômatikê’’ identified in Syn- ^msc. wi 1
the “ vallarion” of the Greeks, and “ gënikoularis ” or “ vallaría’’ of the Romans; the * 0
wreath according to Livy was bestowed on him who first entered the enemy s works, and the fron
Z ’’* i v ! n ° B itomulusBo Hostus Hostilius for entering F i d e n a - (Plim x v i« ) may therefore be
compared • A. coronaria is termed “ lychnis coronaria Dioscoridis sativa by Tournefort inrt 334,
rod ?s known to grow wild in North Italy and Switzerland (Pers., and Lenz). Eastwafo, the “ uhnis
" I m e r a t e d am"ong coronary plants by Theophrastus vi. 8. 3 ; the “ luhnis stëphanômatikê ’ woven
in rorlands has according to Dioscorides a flower like that of “ lëukoiô but purple , is identified
t l J a d d e d Synonyms with the “ athanatos” or “ akulônion ” or “ skeptron,” with the a,ma apokæ
thêmënës ” of the prophets, and “ sëmëôn ” of the Egyptians : A. coronarm was o b s e r v « by Sibthorp,
Griesebach, and Fraas, on high mountains from Parnassus to Athos Olympus, and /æmu s.
“ The same year ” (Euseb., and Clint.), at Athens, accession of Hippomenes of the family
M e d c . « . , ^
‘' b S Z + f r + S u i »y
meridian of Alexandria, Blair . . . ), eclipse o f the moon. The first of the Babylonian echpses,
series that has proved of great service to historians and chronologers. fonnrled
“ The same year ” (Scymn., Diodor., and Clint.), m Southern Italy, the city of Sybaris founded
l / '^ s T m T y L r (= 717 y- 287++ d. + “ 3 years ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xvih 5), Hoshea
having “ sent mLsengers ” to the king of Egypt “ So ” (Sëvihôs), the Assyrian emperor Shalmaneser
pntprpH Palestine, and laid siese to Samaria. , . .
“ 720, March 8th, fifty minutes before midnight ” (as reduced by Ptolemy to the meridian o
Alexandria. Blair), second Babylonian eclipse o f the moon.
“ In spring, in the Second month, on the cyclic day ‘ y -s se ’ of the 51st year of Pmg-wang
(Khoung-tseu, The Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. p. 107), eclipse o f the sun. tiro
“ Sept. ist, four hours and twenty minutes before midnight (as reduced by Ptolemy to the
meridian of Alexandria, Blair), third Babylonian eclipse o f the moon. ■ ti p
“ The same year ” ( Gaubil), death of Ping-wang. He is the last emperor mentioned in the
^^“ “’ Sres'ses made of herbs by the barbarians of the islands” mentioned in the Chou-king ii. i. 11,
— (Pauth. p. 48); an early notice of the tribes. - . . .
Stagmaria vernicifua of the Eastern portion of the Malayan Archipelago. Varnish is mentioned
in the Chou-King ii. i. S, and as one of the products of Yen — (Pauth. p. 47). ^ S. vernicffiua, a
tree of considerable size, was observed by Rumphius ii. pl. 86 in the Mofficcas and is termed by hirn
“ arbor v e rn ic is ;” is called in Malay “ kayo rangas ; ” is
Lindley, “ yields one of the celebrated hard black lackers or varnishes of China. The bernice
arbor ” ’of V in c e n t iu s B e l lo v a c e n s is , is r e fe r r e d h e r e by Sprengel. „
.Gossypium Indicum of Tropical Eastern Asia. The cotton shrub is called in Bengalee kapas
(D ’roz.), fo ancient Sanscrit “ karpasi ” (Ritter), in Tamil “ paratie ” or “ yan-paratie, in^Telinga
“ puttie” (Drury), in Burmah “ w a ” (Mason), in Tagalo “ bulac ” (Blanco) ; ‘ cotton * r e a d manufactured
in the province of Yu, is mentioned in the C h o u -K in g -(P a u th . p. 49): G. ndicum been
L T t lv L d in Clfina from the Ninth century (Schouw p. 149) i i" "aid to have ® ® / l ° 0
China” into Japan so late as “ 1558-70 A .D .” (Jap. centen. comm. 74); was observed by Blanco on
the Philippines, where seeds of several cultivated varieties, some with very sparse fibres, weie shown
me ; by Mason, “ e x o tic ” in Burmah, but farther North according to_ Wallich grows aloag the
Ira/adI and rivers of Martaban (A. Dec.). Westward, is mentioned in the Institutes of Menu
(transl bramin. and Deslongch.) ; seems included in the wool-bearing tree from which according to
Herodotus iii. 106 the people of India make their clothes ; and “ karpasos ” of Barygaze (baroach) is
mentioned in the Erythraean Periplus : G. Indicum was observed by Rheede n pl 3>
in Malabar ; by Graham, “ the staple article of the commerce of Bombay, cultivated from Guzerat
to M a rw a ! a « Coimbatore, as well as in Bengal (Roxb., and Drury).^ Farther West, a cuirass
made of “ ëiriôis! apô xulo ” was sent by Aahmes II. to Greece (Herodot. 111. 47) : krphs is men