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OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 401
“ vincla jun cea ” by Ovid ; the “ juncus ” by Virgil, and its pith substituted for candles, by Pliny xxi.
69: “ joncs ” used perhaps for bedding or thatching, occur in debris of the ancient lake-villages of
Switzerland (Troyon p. 44) ; J. effusus is termed “ j. lævis panicula sparsa major” with a variety
“ panicula non sp a rsa ” by Tournefort in.st. 246; was ob.served by Forskal near Marseilles; and is
known to grow in Barbarj', Portugal, and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland
and Iceland (Desf., Brot., Hook., and VVais.;. I-kistward, was observed around Constantinople in
both varieties by Forskal, and Sibthorp ; known to grow on Sinai (Decsne ann. sc. nat.) and on
the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), also in Sib..-ria (Wats.), and was observed by Thunberg in Japan.
Farther East, was observed by Nuttall on the Arkansas, by Short in Kentucky; by myself, the
glomerate variety in Nova Scotia, the usual form along the Atlantic from Lat. 45° to 39°; but by
Baldwin, and Chapman, as lar as 31° in Florida. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to grow in
New Zealand and Australia (R. Brown 25S, A. Jrich., J. D. Hook., and A. Dec.).
“ 159 B. C.” (Blair), at Rome, measuring time by water invented by Scipio Nasica. (The clepsydra
had long been in use in Greece, see above).
“ Sept. 27th ” (C. Ptol., and C lint), “ in the morning of the first day of the Epagomena, in the
twentieth year of the Third Calippic ireriod,” the Autumnal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hipparchus.
In or about this year (Clint.), arrival in Rome of the grammarian Crates of Mallus, as ambassador
from Attalus II. king of Pergamus.
“ 158, Sept. 27th ” (C. Ptol., Blair, and Clint.), “ about noon on the first day of the Epagomena,
in the twenty-first year of the Third Calippic period,” the Autumnal equinox ob.served on Rhodes by
Hipparchus.
“ 156B. C. = tst year of Kiiig-ti or Hiao-king-ti, of the Ha n” or Seventh dynasty (Chinese
chron. table, and Pauth, p. 240). The name “ heou ’^continuing, included his first years.
“ 155 B. C .” (Cic., Gell., Blair, and Clint.), arrival in Rome of the philosophers, Diogenes the
Stoic, Critolaus, and Carneades, as ambassadors from Athens. The Roman Senate alarmed at the
eloquence of Carneades.
“ 154 B. C .” (Polyb., and Clint, iii. p. 387), Ptolemy Physcon again in Rome ; and the assistance
of the Senate again extended to him against his brother.
“ 153 B. C.” (Liv., Cassiod., and Clint.), in Spain, war between the Romans and Celtiberians. —
The Lusitani taking part against the Romans (Liv., and others).
“ 151 B. C.” (Plut., and Clint.), return to Greece of the historian Polybius and the other Achaean
exiles.
“ 150 B. C.” (Clint, iii. p. 346 and 388), Demetrius Soter succeeded by Alexander Bala, eleventh
Greek king of Syria; and the marriage of Alexander Bala with Cleopatra daughter of Ptolemy V I.
“ In the middle of the Second century B.' C .” (Lubke and Lutrow), at Athens, building of the
Tower of the winds by Andronicus Cyrrhestes.
“ About this timé ” (Amyot, and Pauth. 200), the flattened form of the Earth at the poles, mentioned
by the Chinese philosopher Hoa^i-nan-tseu.
“ 149 B, C. = 1st year of the ‘ tchoung ’ of King-ti ” (Chinese chron. table).
“ In this y e a r ” (Armen, hist.), acces.sion of Valarsace as king of Armenia. He was a brother
of Arsace V. called Mithrldate I. of Parthia, — .and reigned until “ 127.” He sent the historian Mar
Apas Catina on a commission.
As early perhaps as this date (Avadan. Asok.), Sampadi succeeded by his son Vrihaspati, now
king at Pat.aliputra on the Ganges.— He is mentioned iu the S.ama Veda adhy. 22, and called Sali-
suka in the Puranas (Burn. i. 430 to ii. 77S).
Beef eaten by the ancient Hindus,* — as appears from the work of Arvalayana on Slaughtering
cattle, and other evidence cited by Rajendralala Mitra (in Beng. asiat. soc. xii).
* Gmelina arborea of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tree called in Nepal “ gambhari,” in
Telinga “ kasinaryamu ” (J. F. Wats.) or “ goomadee,” in Bengalee “ gumbaree,” in Tamil “ tagoom-
ooda,” in Hindustanee “ joogani-chookur ” (Drur.). in the environs of Bombay “ sewun ” or “ she-
wunee ” (Graham), in Burmah “ kywon-pho ” male teak (Mason) ; in which we recognize the “ kasmarya ”
■ wood used on such occasions— (Arval.), the “ kasmari ” or “ kasmaryya of Susrutas sutr. 44 to chik.
25, and the “ .gambhari ” of Bhavabhuti mal. 9 : G. arborea was observed by Rheede i. pl. 41 in Malabar
; by Graham, “ common throughout the Concans,” its wood used by the natives for “ cylinders of the
drums c.alled dholucks,” also for “ carriage pannels, .as combining lightness with strength ; ” by Roxburgh,
and Wight, as far as Coromandel and Oude ; by Mason v. 526, indigenous in Burmah, according
to McClelland affording “ large remarkably strong tough timber.”
Ftcus infectoria of Tropical Hindustan. A tree call in Sanscrit “ plucsha ” (Pidd.) or “ placsha,”
51
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