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3 0 0 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Calophyllum inophyllum of wooded Tropical shores from Madagascar to the Taheitian Islands.
A seaside tree called in Hindustanee “ sultan-champa,” in Tamil “ pinnay,” in Telinga “ ponna”
(Drur.), in Ihe environs of Bombay “ poona” (Graham), in Burmah “ phung-nyet” (Mason), in
Tagalo “ tamauian ” or “ dincalin ” or “ dancalan,” in Camarines “ dancalan,” in Bisaya “ dancalan”
or “ bitoag,” in Pampango and Ylocano “ bitoa g” (Blanco), on Taheiti “ tomanu” (Bertero) ; and
known to the first colonists of the Feejeean and Polynesian islands : * — observed by myself on
the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, and Taheitian Islands as far as M e tia ; by Rich on the Tarawan
coral-islands; by Blanco, on the Philippines, its resin highly esteemed and called “ balsamo de
Maria,” and oil from its nut occasionally used for illuminating; is described also by Rumphius it.
pl. 71 ; is termed “ balsamaría” by Loureiro, as seen by him in Anam; was observed by Horsiield
on Java, regarded as diuretic; by Mason v. 411 to 751 “ e xo tic ” in Burmah, planted near Budhist
monasteries; by Rheede iv. pl. 38, in Malabar; by Graham, common in “ sandy soil near the s e a ”
as far as Bombay; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far' as Travancore and Ceylon, its oil employed
medicinally by the natives and for burning in lamps. Farther West, \yas observed in 1661
by Flacourt 130 on Madagascar (Spreng.) ; and according to Lamarck enc., grows also on the Isle
of Bourbon. From transported specimens, is described by Plukenet aim. pl. 147. (See C. calaba).
Canavalia obiusifolia of Tropical shores. A kind of sword-bean called in Tagalo “ pataning
dagat ” from growing on the seashore (Blanco); and doubtless known to the first colonists of the
Feejeean and Polynesian is la n d s :— observed by myself on the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, and
Feejeean Islands, and on the Mangsi coral-islets near Borneo; by Blanco, frequent on the Philippines,
but not put to any use by the natives ; was received by Decaisne from Timor (A. Dec.) ; was
observed by Mason v. 468, “ growing in great profusion” along “ the sea sh o re ” of Burmah;
by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from the mouth of the Godavery “ common on the sea-shore ; ” by
Rheede viii. pi. 43, in Malabar; by Graham, in “ the Concans” to and beyond Bombay; and by
Bojer 108, on the Mauritius Islands. Farther West, is known to grow along the Atlantic in Equatorial
Africa (fl. Nigr. 307) and the West Indies (Pers., and A Dec.). Transported to Europe,
is described by Plukenet pl. 51.
■ * Brugueira gymuorlnza of muddy Tropical shores from Plindustan to the Samoan Islands. A
mangrove or salt-water arborescent shrub, known of course to the first colonists of the Feejeean
Islands: — observed there by myself, abounding in muddy places within tide-water, in times of
scarcity its fruit eaten by the natives, observed also as far as the Samoan Islands ; by Rumphius
iii. pl. 68, and Blume, in the Malayan archipelago, its fruit leaves and bark eaten by the natives
(P e r s .) ; by Mason v. 515 to 541, the most abundant mangrove in Burmah, affording “ hard and
durable timber ” and bark abounding in “ tannic acid ; ” by Rheede vi. pl. 31 and 32, in Malabar ; by
Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Graham, as far as Bombay.
Mttssanda frondosa of Tropical Eastern Asia and the neighbouring islands as far as the Samoan.
A large shrub called in the environs of Bombay “ sarwud” or “ lanchout” or “ bhootcase” (Graham),
in Malabar “ b e lilla ” (Rheede, and Drur. p. 500), in the environs of Canton “ kaulimang” (Osbeck),
in Ylocano “ balailamoc,” in Tagalo “ tingatinga” (Blanco), and clearly known to the first colonists
of the Feejeean Islands: — observed there by myself, frequent and to all appearance indigenous,
as also on the shores of the Samoan Islands. Westward, is described by Rumphius iv. pl. 51 ; was
observed by Blanco on the Philippines, by myself, a single stock growing by the roadside in Interior
Luzon; by Osbeck, “ near the sh ore ” in the environs of Canton, by James Read also near Canton
and specimens shown me; by Burmann pl. 46, on Ceylon ; by Rheede ii. pl. 18, in Malabar ; by Roxburgh,
and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan; by Graham 86 to 95, as far as Bombay, “ in gardens
” and “ common on the Ghauts,” used by the natives “ as a charm to drive away daemons”
and its “ strange looking white calycine leaves” eaten, seen by myself only in the Botanic garden.
Justicia {Hypoestis) purpurea of Tropical China. Called in the environs of Canton “ happ-
k e y -le e ” (Osb.), and carried to the Feejeean Islands possibly by the first colonists : — observed by
myself naturalized there and also cultivated for ornament by the natives, on the Samoan Islands
only around native dwellings. Westward, is described by Rumphius vi. pl. 22; is attributed to
China by Persoon; and was observed by Osbeck near Canton, planted on the graves of Europeans.
Transported to Europe, is described by Vahl symb. ii. 13 (Pers.), and continues in greenhouses
(Brackenridge).
CodicBum variegatnm of Tropical Eastern Asia. A shrub with laurel-like variegated leaves
called in Malabar “ tsjera-maram” (Rheede), in Tagalo “ saguilala,” iu Bisaya “ calipayang” (Blanco);
carried to the Feejeean Islands, and possibly by the first colonists: — observed there by myself,
planted for ornament by the natives, one variety having long narrow leaves incised at intervals to the
midrib; the usual broad-leaved variety planted also on Tongatabu and the Samoan Islands. West-
O F A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
“ 399 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), pestilence in Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls ; and
a “ lectisternium ” funeral banquet to the gods, for the first time instituted.
“ The same year ” (Clint.), at Athens, Socrates accused by the tragic poet Meletus and unjustly
put to death. , „ , t.
“ 398 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), from Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls, an embassy
sent to consult the oracle at Delphi.
As early probably as this date (Plat, phaed., and D. Laert.), Philolaus maintaining after the
Pythagoreans, That the Earth is not stationary, but moves around a central fire.
“ 396 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), military tribunes holding the place of consuls, Veii captured by the
Romans under the dictator M. Furius Camillus. — Three years afterward.s, the conquered territory
was distributed among the plebeians.
“ The same y e a r ” (Blair, and Clint.), expedition of the Proclid king of Sparta, Agesilaus II.,
into Asia against the Persians.
About this time (epist. socrat. 9), the Socratic philosopher Aristippus writing from Syracuse to
Antisthenes. . « 1 • u
Lupinus albus of the Mediterranean countries. A Jield lupine called m France lupin or
“ pois lupin” (Nugent), in Italy “ lupino” (Lenz), and the large and white OEPMQN sent from
Sicily by Aristippus — may be compared : L. albus was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus,
by Grisebach in Thrace, by Durville near Constantinople, and is known to grow as far as Caucasus
(Ledeb.) ; is known to be cultivated in Egypt (Moench, Del. mem. cult. p. 13, and Dec. prodr, i. 4 0 7 ) ,
was observed by Grant in descending the Nile under cultivation in “ Lat. 15°.” Westward, the
cultivated “ lupinus” is mentioned by Cato 34 to 54, Varrò, Virgil, Columella, Pliny xviii. 36,
Palladius, and the “ loupinoum” of the Romans in Syn. Diosc. ii. 132 : L. albus is termed “ 1. sativus ”
by Gatereau ; was observed by Lenz under cultivation in Italy, by Link i. 207 m Portugal and the
seeds eaten (Pers.) ; is besides known to grow to all appearance wild in Italy and Sicily (Bertoi.,
Guss., and A . Dec.). .
“ 395 B. C .” (Clint ), after an absence of “ three or four ” years in Italy, Cyrene, and especially
Egypt, where he received instruction from Sechnuphis, Plato returning to Athens.
The superstition of the evil eye, BALKAN I A already in Greece in the days of Plato phaed.
ward, “ the willow-leaved v arie ty ” is described by Rumphius iv. pi. 26 (Graham); C. vanegatum
was « s e rv e d by myself on the Philippines, planted by the natives according to Blanco for ornament ;
by Thunberg, as far as Japan ; is termed “ phyllaurea codiaeum ” by Loureiro ii. 705 ; was observed
by Mason 421 to 762 “ e xo tic ” in Burmah, cultivated for ornament; by Roxburgh, in Hindustan; by
Rheede vi. pl. 61, in Malabar; by Graham, as far as Bombay, “ very common” in “ gardens and
flower pots.” By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer in
gardens. Transported to Europe, continues in greenhouses (bot. mag. pl. 3051, and bot. cab.
T io s co rea aculeata of Tropical Eastern Asia. The Goa potato or birch-rind yam is called in
Malabar “ kata-kelengu ” (Rheede), on the Feejeean Islands according to one account “ k aw ai”
(C. P .) ; carried there, and perhaps by the first c o lo n is ts :— observed by myself, cultivated rather
abundantly, roots also at Tongatabu, possibly imported, and roots again in the market on Sulu ; the
plant according to Rumphius v. pl. 126 and p. 358 is chiefly spontaneous in Western China (A. Dec.) ;
was observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan; by Rheede vii. pl. 37, in Malabar; and according to
Drury the roots “ are dug up in the forests in the cold season, and sold in the bazaars are known
at Boi’nbay only as “ imported from G o a ” (Graham, and myself). By European colonists, was
carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer cultivated around dwellings. (See D. pen-
^ ^ T liliu m Asiaticum of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Cingalese “ tolabo,” in Bengalee “ bura-
kanoor” or “ sookh-dursun ” (Lindl.), in Telinga “ vesha mungaloo-pakoo,” in Tamil “ veshi moon-
ghee ” (Drur.) : carried to the Feejeean Islands possibly by the first colonists : — observed by myself
under cultivation there and on Tongatabu, seemingly indigenous along the seashore of the Samoan
Islands, but found by Brackenridge under cultivation also by the Samoans. Westward, was observed
by Blanco on the Philippines in Mandaloyon, though unknown to the natives; hy myself, under cultivation
in the Malaj'an archipelago; is termed by Rumphius “ radix to xica ría ;” and in Java, is
considered a good emetic, efficient in curing wounds made by poisoned arrows (rumphia 1. 55, and
Drur.) ; was observed by Hermann hort. lugd. 683 on Ceylon; by Rheede xi. pl. 38, m Malabar;
by Graham, in “ both Concans,” to and beyond Bombay; by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, in other parts
of Plindustan, “ on the banks of rivers and in marshy places,” the juice of its leaves given “ in Upper
Ind ia ” in ear-ache (Drur.). Transported to Europe, is described by Miller pl. 110.
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