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5 9 2 CH R O N O L O G IC A L A R R A N G E M E N T
“ 596 A. D.” (Clint, iv. p. S29), end o f the reign of Childebert IT , king of the French.
“ A t this time” (Cockayne iii. p. 450) Bercta, daughter of Chariberht king of the Franks, already
married to /Ethelbryht king of Kent on condition that she have liberty to celebrate Christian worship.
“ 597 A. D . ” (Blair), Augustinus with “ forty monks” sent by Gregorius Magnus, to Britain, to
revive Christianity. Landing at Thanet, he held an interview with /Ethelbryht king of Kent; performed
service in an old church of Roman times called Berctas ; obtained leave to build and restore
churches ; and recovered an old Roman church for the cathedral at Canterbury (Beda h. e. i. 33, and
Cockayne iii. 450).
As early perhaps as this year, Vaimiki writing the Ramayana, regarded as probably the oldest
work in secular Braminical literature (Wils., and Royle antiq. hind. med. 48). Vrihaspati, Agastya,
Kasyapa, Bhrigu, and the priest Vasislha, are mentioned.
S et/n'a I n d i c a of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small Erythroxyloid tree called in Telinga
“ adevi gerenta,” in Tamil “ semmanatty ” or “ tevadarum,” on the Deccan “ dewadar” (Dru r . ) ; in
which we recognize the “ deva-daroo” of Vaimiki ram. i. 12,* — and the “ dibdair ” described by Ebn
Baitar as an Indian herb: S. Indica is termed “ erythroxylon monogynum” by Roxburgh cor. i. pi.
SS ; was observed by him, Wight, and Drury, from Malabar and Travancore to the Circars ; the
young leaves and tender shoots according to Ainslie mixed with gingely-oil and applied as a liniment,
nnd The bark occasionally administered in infusion ; the wood excellent and fragrant, substituted
in Mysore for sandal-wood (Madr. exh. rep.). Farther East, was observed by Mason indigenous in
Burmah.
(Pers.) ; and from the beginning of the present century has been found along the banks of the Mississippi
(A. Dec.). Transported to Europe, is described by Dillenius pl. 156.
H y d r a n g e a p a n i c u la t a of Japan. Called there “ nori-no-ki,” and “ the gummy infusion o f ” its
root used in making paper — (Jap. c. c. 85) : H. paniculata was observed and described by Siebold.
* D i l l e n i a sp e c io za o îT r o f x .A \ Asia, from Hindustan throughout the Malayan archipelago. A
large and beautiful tree called in Tamil “ uva-marani,” in Telinga “ uva-chitta,” in Malabar “ syalita,
in Bengalee “ chalita” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ moota. kurmul ” (Graham), and affording
sustenance to man in its fruit and thick fleshy calyx-leaflets ; the “ shleshmatuka” of Vaimiki ram. i.
12 is referred here by Carey and Marshman: D. speciosa was observed by Nimmo in “ the Southern
Concan by Rheede iii. pl. 38, in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Assam and
Chittagong ; by Me Clelland, in Pegu ; by Thunberg, on Java ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, called
in Tagalo “ catmon,” the acid juice of the fruit serving among the natives for vinegar; and “ D.
elliptica” regarded as not distinct, was observed by Rumphius ii. pl. 45 on Celebes and Amboyna
(Pers.).
N ym p h oe a e d u l i s of Eastern Hindustan. White-flowered with entire leaves, and called in
Telinga “ koteka,” in Bengalee “ chhota-sundhi ” (Drur.) ; and from early times, its tubers eaten and
employed medicinally, its capsule and seeds also eaten; and the white-flowered lotus having an edible
root according to Vaimiki iii. 76, — may be compared: N. edulis was observed by Roxburgh, and
Wight, from the Circars to Bengal (Drur.).
C r a toe v a r e l ig io s a of Tropical Eastern As ia ? A small tree called in Sanscrit “ va rana ” or
“ varuna” or “ tapia” or “ tikta-shaka,” in Bengalee “ tikto-shak,” in Tamil “ narvala” (J. F. Wats.)
or “ mavilinghum,” in Telinga “ maredoo,” in Hindustanee “ birmi ” or “ tapia ” (Drur.), in the environs
of Bombay “ varvunna” (Graham), in Burmah “ ka-dat” (Mason), in Ylocano “ balai namoc ”
(Blanco); in which we recognize the “ tapie ” flowers of Vaimiki iii. 79— (transl. Gorr.), ancl the
“ varuna” or “ t ik ta ” prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 38 to chik. i6, mentioned also by Harivansa 12Ó:
C. religiosa Avas observed by Rheede iii. pl. 42 in Malabar; by Graham, “ generally to be met with
about temples and Muselmen tom b s ; ” by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as Mysore and
Eastern Hindustan, sometimes employed medicinally by the natives (Drur.); by Mason, “ exo t ic ” in
Burmah ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, called “ tapia” around Santa Cruz in the Ilocos district, but
known besides to the natives; by Forster prodr, on the Society Islands, planted near the abodes of
the dead, the same as in India (Graham).
F la c o u r t ia c a ta p h r a c ta of Tropical Hindustan. A thorny tree called in Bengalee “ paniyala,” in
Hindustanee “ talisputrie,” in Telinga and Malabar “ talishaputrie ” (Drur.), in Tamil “ thalisaputhe-
ree.” in Sanscrit “ talisha ” or “ viciara ” (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize “ talisi ” on the mountains
mentioned by Vaimiki iv. 4 4— (transl. Gorr.), and the “ talisa” or “ viciara” prescribed by
Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 17 : F. cataphracta was observed by Rheede v. pb 38 in Malabar ; by Roxburgh,
and Ainslie, as far as the Warree country, Behar, Assam ancl Nepal, the fruit edible, the
leaves ancl young shoots bitter and astringent, and employed medicinally (Drur.).
I t e r o s p e rm u n i s u b e r i f o l iu jn of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit “ mucha-koonda ”
(Pidd.), in the environs of Bombay “ muchucunda ” (Graham) ; flowering “ pterospermi ” are men-
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 593
W r ig h i ia a n t id y s e n te r ic a of Tropical Plindustan and Burmah. Its bark is called in commerce
con e s s i, its imported seeds in Arabic “ lissamul asafir,” in Persian “ ahir,” and the living shrub in
Sanscrit “ cheeree ” or “ kutaja,” in Tamil “ veppalei,” in Telinga “ pala codi ja” or “ manoopala ”
tioned by Vaimiki ram. iii. 76 to 79 — (transl. Gorr.), and the “ muchucunda ” is prescribed by Su.srutas
chik. 18: P. suberifolium was observed by Nimmo in “ the Concans,” its flowers fragrant.
S h o r c a tu n ib u g a ia of Southern Hindustan. A large Dipterocarpous tree called in Malabar
“ tembagum,” in Tamil “ tumbugai ” (Drur.) ; and from early times, its valuable timber u.sed in
house-building: possibly the “ shoree ” distinguished from the “ sa le ” by Vaimiki v. 54— (transl.
Gorr.) : S. tumbugaia was observecl by Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome, in the “ Palghaut forests,
Cuddapah, North Arcot,” a da?n?ner o.x\xdl\Xig from the trunk (Drur.).
X a n t h o c h y n iu s p i c t o r iu s of Western Hindustan. A Calophylloid tree called in Telinga “ icvara-
memadee,” in Plindustanee “ dampel ” (Drur.) ; and “ xanthocymi ” are mentioned by Vaimiki ram.
iii. 79— (transl. Gorresio) : X- pictorius according to Roxburgh cor. ii. pl. 196, Wight, and Drury,
groAvs in the Concan, its yellow orange-like fruit eaten, and before ripening yielding a gamboge-like
resinous gum that “ makes a pretty good water-colour.”
D a lb e r g ia f r o n d o s a of Western Plindustan. A pinnate-leaved tree thirty feet high, its bark and
leaves from early times employed medicinally, and an oil obtained from its seeds : possibly included
in the “ dalbergie ” trees of Ceylon mentioned by Vaimiki v. 16— (transl. Gorr.) : D. frondosa AA^as
observecl by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from Travancore to Courtallum.
P t i e r a r ia tu b e r o sa of Tropical Hinclustan and Burmah. A Avoody Leguminous climber calleci in
Telhiga “ daree ” or “ goomodee ” (Lindl.) ; and the “ hedysaro ” enumerated among woody plants by
Vaimiki vi. 96— (transl. Gorr.), ma yb e compared: P. tuberosa was observed by Kaempfer pl. 25,
Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan, its roots made by the natives into cataplasms to reduce swellings
in the joints (Drur.) ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, having the habit of Desmodium but “ running
over high trees ; ” by Me Clelland, in Burmah, its root esculent ancl termed by him B a t i 'a j y a m
(Mason v. 465).
B a u h i j i i a ra c e in o sa of Tropical Plindustan. A small crooked tree Avith rigid branches called
in Bengalee “ bun-raj,” in Telinga “ ar re e ” (Drur .) ; and from early times, the bark of its green
branches made into ropes: the “ bauhinie ” is mentioned by Vaimiki iv. 29— (transl. Go r r . ) : B.
racemosa Avas observed by Gra.ham “ common on the Ghauts and hilly parts of the Concan” from
beyond Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Mysore ancl Bengal, its thick bark used by
matchlock-raen for their matches, Avhich as prepared burn “ long and s lowly” (Drur.).
B a u h in i a V a h l i i o i Tropical Plindustan. An immense woody climber, its branches one hundred
to three hundred feet long running over the highest trees, called in Telinga “ adda,” in Hindustanee
“ mahwal ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ chambaour ” or “ chamboolee ” (Graham); and
from early times, its large leaves a foot in diameter sold for dishes, its seeds eaten, and ropes made
from its bark : included perhaps in the “ bauhinie ” of V;ilmiki iv. 29; — B. Vahlil was observed by
Graham on “ the Tull ghaut ” and in “ ravines at Kandalla” near Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wight,
in mountainous districts of the Circars and Bengal, its ropes occasionally used ibr suspension bridges
over the Himalayan mountain-torrents (Royle, and Drur.).
B a r r in g t o n ia 7'a c em o sa of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A Gustavioid
tree having large flowers in pendulous racemes and called in Tagalo “ potat ” (Blanco), in Tamil
“ samutra-pullum,” in Malabar “ samudra-poo ” or “ sam-stravadi ” (Drur.) ; from eai'ly times, its
slightly bitter root prescribed by Hindu ph}tasicians : “ barringtonie ” are mentioned among floAvering
trees by Vaimiki iii. 7 9— (transl. Gorr.) : B. racemosa Avas observed by Rheede iv. pl. 6 in Malabar ;
by Graham, and Nimmo, in “ the Concans ” as far as Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight,
as far as Coromandel, the root “ not unpleasant,” and considered by the natives “ aperient, deobstruent,
and cool ing” (Lindi., and Drur ) ; Avas observed by Blanco frequent in places inundated by the
sea or by fresh Avater on the Philippines ; the “ white-floAvered ” species called “ kyai-gyee,” observed
by Mason in Burmah, may also be compared.
B a i 'r in g io n ia a c u ta n g u la of Tropical Plindustan and the Siamese countries. A large tree called
in Telinga “ karpa,” in Malabar “ sjeria-samslravadi ” (Drur.), in Burmah “ kyai-tha” (Mason); and
perhaps included in the “ barringtonie ” of Valmik. iii. 79: — the “ nichula ” of Susrutas chik. 16 to
19, is referred here by Plessler: B. acutangulaAvas observed by Rheede iv. pl. 7 in Malabar; by Gibson,
Law, and Graham, “ thinly scattered throughout the Ataveesy,” but around Bombay “ in gardens
; ” by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far a.s Travancore and Bengal, its root and seeds employed
medicinally (Powell punj., and Drur.), and according to M’Clelland its Avood is hard and of a fine
grain and equivalent to mahogany '; was observed by Mason indigenous in Burmah.
I x o r a b a n d h u k a of Tropical Hindustan. A spreading shrub called in Sanscrit “ bandhuka” or
75
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