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In this year ( “ 22 A. H., comm. Nov. 29th 642,” Gildem.), Khorasan subdued by the Muslim
general Ahnaf ben Kais. Ubaidalla is said to have advanced as far as the Indus, but could not obtain
permission from Omar to cross the river.
“ 644 A. D.” (art de verifier des dates, and Blair), Omar slain in the temple at Jerusalem, which
he had converted into a mosque. He was succeeded by Othman, third khalif.
. “ 645 A. D . ” (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Kwo-gok abdicating (the first instance in Japanese history),
succeeded by her brother Ko-tok, now thirty-seventh dairo of Japan.
“ 648 A. D.” (Blair), conquest of Cyprus by the Muslims under Mu’awiyah.
“ The same year ” (Clavig., and Humboldt), entrance of the Toltecs upon Anahuac or the Mexican
table-land. The Toltecs were acquainted with word-painting, communicating intelligence by
paintings : — they built roads, cities, and the Great teocalli or pyramid at Cholula, after the model of
the more ancient teocallis at Teotihuacan.
Among the tribes of Northwest America, the “ medecine’men ” always mere sorcerers,* the healing
art proper being in the hands of old women— (R. Brown jun.).
> ,
* C lem a t is D o u g la s i i of the sources of the Columbia. Known to the natives from early limes,
— its root placed by them in the nostrils of exhausted horses (R. Brown jun.): observed by Douglas
at the sources of the Columbia (Hook.).
G e z 'a n ium sp . of Interior Oregon. Its root from early times used among the Lilloets of British
Columbia to prevent women bearing children — (R. Brown jun.).
P s o r a le a p h y s o id e s of Interior Oregon. Leguminous, and from early times employed by the
natives medicinally, as a poultice — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas from the Rocky mounlains
to the Great falls of the Columbia (Hook.).
R u b u s le u c o d e r j i ii s of Northwest America. Its berries from early times collected and dried by
the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas.
P l i i ja d e t f ih u s L e z u i s i i of Oregon. A species of m o c k -o r a u g e , a shrub, its leaves from early times
used by the natives as a substitute for soap— (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Clark on the North
branch of the Columbia; and according to Hooker, growing in pine woods.
P h i la d e lp h u s G o r d o u ia n u s of Oregon. Its leaves also used by the natives from early times as a
substitute for soap — (R. Brown jun.).
L c w i s ia r e d iv iv a of the unwooded portion of Interior Oregon. Called “ petlum-ard-ilse-ne-
mare,” and from early times its root boiled and eaten by the Kootanie, Colville, and other tribes —
(R. Brown jun.): observed by Clark on the North branch of the Columbia (Pursh) ; by Nuttall on
the Flat-head river ; by myself, towards the Spokane conspicuous in the distance, its large flower
rising out of the bare ground at intervals, like a land Nymphæa.
R ib e s n iv e i im of Northwest America. Its berries from early times collected and dried by the
natives — (R. Brown jun.). From transported specimens, described by Lindley.
E u l o p h u s a m b ig u u s o{\viXox\ox O r e g o n . An Umbelliferous plant, its root called w h i t e b is c u it
from early times collected and dried by the natives — (R. Brown jun.): on the hills of the
Upper Yakima, our party fell in with a body of natives engaged in digging biscuit root, and procuring
a supply, found advantage from it before reaching our destination : described by Nuttall, as ob.served
on the Flat-head river.
P e u c e d a u u in foe n i c u la c e u m of Interior Oregon. An Umbelliferous plant, its root also from early
times eaten by the nat ives— (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall.
V a le r ia j ia sp . o iB xW C t i Columbia. Called “ kunko,” and from early times used by the M’Leod
Lake and other Takali tribes in rheumatism — (R. Brown jun.).
S ym p h o r i c a r p u s r a c em o su s of Interior North America. The sn ow b e r r y , a shrub from early times
in British Columbia used medicinally about Lilloet in colds — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Michaux
at Lake Mistassins ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall. from Niagara to Lake Huron and the Missouri
; according to A. Gray, grows “ from Western Vermont to Pennsylvania and Wiscons in;”
according to Hooker, as far as the Saskatchewan and Columbia ; and was received by Decandolle
from Nootka. Has become a favourite ornamental plant in gardens.
S a l i x S c o u t e r ia f ia of Oregon. The c o t to n w o o d w i l lo w , canoes from early times sometimes made
from i t— (R. Brown jun.). From transported specimens, described by Hooker.
I h u y a g ig a n t e a of the Rocky mountains. The O r e g o n a ib o r -v itoe , canoes made from it, its bark
textile, and its twigs smoked as a substitute for tobacco — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall
among the Rocky mountains.
P i n u s c o n to r tii o i \x\X^x\ox O x o g o x i. From early times used by the natives for torches, and its
liber or inner bark in times of scarcity eaten in the passes of the Rocky mountains — (R. Brown
jun.).
I I
“ 649 A. D . ” (Alst., Clint., and Nicol.), at Rome, Theodorus succeeded by Martinus, ninth archbishop.
“ 650 A. D. ‘ young-hoeiV ist year of Kao-tsoung, of the T h a n g ” or Fifteenth dynasty —
(Chinese chron. table). l ie continued to patronize Olopen and the new religion (Christianity).
P o ly g o 7iu m tin c to r iU 7 n of China. Thé large flat stone and large round mallets, used in procuring
the blue dye of the “ nimi-lan,” and celebrated by ancient poets, — are referred here by Cibot (mem.
chin v. 499) : P. tinctorium was observed by Loureiro in China ; and “ P. Chinense” called “ ai ” or
“ itadori,” and yielding a blue dye like indigo, was observed by Thunberg around Nagasaki in Japan.
By J. Blake “ in 1776,” P. tinctorium was carried to England (Ait. ii. 51); and from France, according
to Ciot-Bey and Figari, has recently been introduced into Egypt.
“ In this y e a r ” (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Ko-tok dying, the government resumed by the empress
Kwo-gok, now under the name of Zaï-meï as thirty-eighth dairo of Japan. The first instance in Japanese
history of the same person reigning twice.
“ 651 A. D . ” (Plate in Sm. b. d.), naval expedition by the Muslims against Sicily. Rhodes captured
by them, and the celebrated c o lo s s u s sold and broken up.
“ In this y e a r ” (Bed. hist. eccl. iii. 25 and chron.), Aidan succeeded by Finan as bishop of the
Scots. On the island of Lindisfarne, Finan built a church suitable for the episcopal see, but after
the Scottish fashion of hewn oak timber roofed or thatched with “ harundine ” {P h ra g 7 7 iite s C07?ii7iu
n is ) .
: P s a 77i 77ia a r e n a r ia of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Called in Britain
be7i t ox s e a - r e e d ox ? n a t'w e cd ix o x s x its use in making mats, ox /7in r a 77i ixoxxx the Gaelic “ muram” or
Frisian and Danish “ marhalm ” sea-straw (Prior) ; the “ foeno” used in the thatching — is referred
here by James Raine, the same material being used on Lindisfarne to the present day; “ b en t ” is
mentioned in Account Rolls of I344~5 and 1346-7 (G. Johnston east, bord.): P. arenaria is termed a
“ grassie or rather rushie reede ” by Gerarde p. 39, “ gramen spicatum secalinum maritimum maximum
spica longiore ” by Tournefort inst 518 ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary, by Brotero
in Portugal, and is known to grow on the Atlantic seashore as far as Lapland and Iceland (Moris, viii.
pl. 4, Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the maritime
sand of the Peloponnesus; and by Delile, on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. Westward
from Iceland, is known to grow in Greenland (Wats.), Newfoundland (Lapyl.), on the shores of
Lakes Michigan and Superior (A. Gray), and on our Atlantic sea-beaches, ceasing as observed by
myself in about Lat. 39F
“ 653 A. D . ” (Cockayne iii. p. 447), Sigeberht succeeded by Sigeberht II. the Gcod, as king of
Essex of the East Saxons ; a dependent on Oswin king of Northymbria.
“ About this time, 650 to 655 A. D . ” (Pauth. 301), war carried by the Muslims into the region
of the Oxus; and an ambassador sent by them to the Chinese emperor.
“ 654 A. D . ” (Als t , and Clint.), at Rome, Martinus succeeded by Eugenius, tenth archbishop.
About this time ( “ 650 to 660 A. D . , ” Assem. iii. i. 127, and Gildeim 59), letter in Syriac from
the Nestorian Yeshuyabus Adiebenus, complaining of interruption of communion with the Persian
and Indian churches.
The Mrichchhakati, the earliest Sanscrit drama, written before self-immolation by burning, and
inteimarriage of Bramins with Sudra females, were prohibited; Buddhist mendicants and convents
continuing throughout Hindustan.-
P i n u s S a b in ia n a of Oregon. Its seeds from early times eaten by the natives — (R. Brown jun.);
observed by Douglas.
A l l iU 77i r eU c u la tU 77i of Oregon. A wild onion, its root from early times eaten by the natives —
(R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall.
G a 77ia s s ia e s c u le n ta of Northwest America. Called “ gamass,” and from early times its onion-
hke bulb eaten by nearly all the tribes from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific — (R. Brown jun.) :
observed by Lewis and Clark on the Upper Missouri near the Rocky mountains (Pursh).
B r o d ic e a g r a n d i f lo r a of Oregon. From early times its root eaten by the natives — (R. Brown
jun.). Transported to Europe, described by Smith (Steud.).
E r y t h r o 7i i u 77i g r a n d i f lo r u 77i of Interior Oregon. From early times, its root eaten by the. natives,
regarded also as a love-philtre — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark on the Kooskoosky
river (Bursh), now called Clearwater; and by N. Wyeth^ on his first journey to the Pacific (Nutt).
P r i t t l la m a la i ic e o la ta of the Rocky mountains. From early times, its root eaten by the natives
~ ( R . Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark at the sources of the Missouri and Columbia
(Pursh).
r r i l l i u i n o v a iu 77i of Interior Oregon. Its root from early times used by the natives for a poult
ic e— (R. Brown jun.): observed by Lewis and Clark at the rapids of the Columbia (Pursh) ; by
Nuttall, on the Rocky mountains and Flat-head river.
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