794 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
As early as 1376 A- D. (= “ twenty-six years ago” in lett. Anton. Zen.), four fishing-boats
driven by a storm “ more than a thousand miles Westward from Frislanda” (the Faeroe Islands) 10
an island called Estotiland (Iceland?), the inhabitants very intelligent ancl “ possess all the arts like
ourselve.s,” derived it is believed from former intercourse with our people, for “ he saw Latin books ”
which they of the present generation do not understand, but “ have their own language and letters : ”
their “ forei»n intercourse Ts with Greenland, whence they im p o r t brimstone, ancl pitch." — The
fisherman and his companions brought knowledge of the compass, and after a stay of “ five years ”
were sent “ with twelve boats to the southwards to a country which they called Drogio : ” here most
of the party were massacred, the remainder saving themselves through knowledge “ of taking fish
with nets • ” * but the report spreading excited jealousy, and they were passed from tribe to tribe dur-
ino- “ thirteen years ” through the hands of “ more than five and twenty chiefs, for they were contin-
uatly fi»hting amongst themselves ” (compare the uniformity of stitch in the fish-nets of Europeans
and the American and Polynesian tribes). The fisherman describes the country as very great “ red
as it were a new world ; the people are very rude and uncultivated, for they all go naked and suffer
cruelly from the cold, nor have they the sense to clothe themselves with the skins of the animals
which they take in hunting: they have no kind of metal: they live by hunting, and carry£nces of
wood sharpened at the point: they have bows, the strings of which are made of beasts’ skins : they
are very fierce, and have deadly fights amongst each other, and eat one another’s flesh : they have
chieftains and certain laws among themselves, but differing in the different tribes : the farther you go
south-westwards, however, the more refinement you meet with, because the climate is more temperate,”
and “ in those parts they have some knowledge and use of gold and silver” (copper?). Leaving
his’companions, who were unwilling to make the attempt, the fisherman escaped “ through the woods,”
and “ passing from one chief to another,” his former acquaintances, “ alter a long time” reached
“ Dro»io, where he spent three years.” At length boats arrived irom Estotiland ; in which he took
passage,’and trading in company became rich enough to fit “ out a vessel of his own,” and “ returned
to Frislanda.”
“ In the reign of Edward I I I .” (Major pr. H. 55, and Galvan.), an Englishman named Robert
Machim having run away with a woman and embarked for Spain, the ship was driven by a storm to
an unknown island (.Madeira) ; and .Machim with others landing, were abandoned. The woman dying,
* Apocynum cannabinum of Northeast America. Called by the colonists Indian hemp, by the
natives on the Lower Mississippi “ enequen ” (Alvarad.) : probably the material used by the fishermen
in teaching the natives how to make fish-nets : —natives wearing a covering of Tillandsia moss
interwoven with cords of “ canape silvestra ” were seen by Verrazanus at 34° on the Atlantic : “ cannabis”
growing wild, by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i. 8): “ hemp,” by Newport on James river:
fishin»-nets of “ chanure ” growing in their own country, by Jacques Cartier in the Bay of St. Law-
rence^in the possession of natives from the South : and fish-lines “ of their owne hempe ” and strong
stur»eon-nets according to W. Wood ii. 16, were made by the natives near Plymouth : A. cannabinum
was0 bserved by Oakes from Lat. 42° 30' along the Atlantic; by myself, frequent in peninsular New
Jersey upright, three feet or more high, and the flowers greenish ; by Baldwin, as far as Matanzas m
Florid/ by°Chapman, in “ dry or damp soil, Florida, and northward;” by Beck, near the mouth of
the Missouri. Transported to Europe, is described by Morison xv. pl. 3 (Pers.).
Apocynum hypericifolium of Northeast America. An allied speCies with small pearly-white
flowers, — observed by myself at 44° on the Pemigewasset, in two forms, upright three feet high, and
the other form depressed ; known to grow throughout Canada as far as 54° on the Saskatchewan
(Drumm., and Hook.). Transported to Europe, is described by Aiton, and Jacquin hort. m. pl
^^ApoLmim androscemifolium of Northeast America. The American dogbane, known to the
natives from early times : — of the “ two kinds of herbes ” growing around Salem and said to £
“ »ood to make cordage,” the “ very sweet” flowers observed by Higgeson (hist. coll. i. 121) cleaily
bdono- to this species: A. androsaemifolium is known to grow from Hudson’s Bay and 54° on the
Saskalchewan throughout Canada (Hook , and Drumm.) ; has been observed by myself along the
Atlantic to 38° ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina (Ell.) ; by Chapman, in “ rich soil, North Carolina,
and northward.” . , Asclepias incarnata of Northeast America. Al.so called by the colonists Indian hemp, and saul
to have been used by the natives for bow-strings, — “ the fibres of the bark arc strong and capable M
bein» wrought into a fine soft thread, but it is very difficult to separate the Irark ” (Cutl. p. 42+ • A'
incarnata was observed bv myself frequent on the marshy borders of streams from 43° to 38° along
the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina; by Chapman, in Upper Georgia; by Michaux,
in Illinois ; by Beck, on the .Mississippi at St. Louis ; and by E. James, on the Platte.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 795
a chapel was erected for her tomb, bearing an inscription ; — and Machim and his companions having
made “ a boate all of a tree, the trees being there of a great compassé about,” went to sea and were
drifted upon the African coast “ without saile or oar.” The Moors “ tooke it for a miracle, and presented
him ” to their king; who in turn “ sent him and his companie unto the king of Castile,”
Henry I I I . of Spain reigning “ in 1393.” The news brought by Machim, and by “ the ship wherein
he went” to the island, “ moued many of France and of Castile to goe and dlscouer it.”
Laurus Indica of Madeira. Probably the tree “ of great compassé about ” whose trunk was
made into a boat : — Cadamosto found fine timber on Madeira, and elegant tables exported by the
Portuguese: L. Indica was observed by myself, a large tree in the Madeira forest. Transported to
Europe, is described by Plukenet aim, pl. 304, and Seba ii. pl. 84.
“ i 377i Jan- 17th” (Alst., and Blair), the Italians exhibiting signs of defection, the seat of the
papacy removed from Avignon back to Rome by Gregorius XI.
“ Feb.” (Skeat ed. Piers Plowm.), jubilee in England, Edward III. having “ attained the fiftieth
year of his reign.” He died “ June 21st.” and was succeeded by Richard II.
“ The same year ” (art de verif.), Schaban-Aschraf succeeded by Ali EI-Mansur, twentieth
Memluk sultan of Egypt.
“ The same year” (Crawfurd vii. 11), among the kings of the Moluccas the first rank acquired
by the king of Ternate Kamala Pulu, — who after a long and prosperous reign established the succession
in his own direct line.*
“ 1378, Apr. 9th ” (Nicol), Gregorius XI. succeeded by archbishop Bartholemew Prignano, now
Urbanus VI., forty-sixth pope. Richard II. ruling England ; Robert II., Scotland ; and in this year
(Alst.), Carolus IV. succeeded by his son Wenceslaus, as emperor of Germany and Italy.
“ In this year” (Humb. cosm. i. i), a comet recorded in the Chinese table. — (Hailey’s comet,
see A. D. 1456).
“ 1379 A. D. (= I2th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou,” Remus, mei. iii, 92), an ambassador and
tribute sent to China by Thsan-tha-kan-wou-tche-the-tha-tchi, king of Cambodia.
“ 1380 A. D.” (Skeat ed. P. Plow., quart, rev. for 1870), the translation of the New Testament
into English by John de Wycliffe completed. Assisted by his friend Nicholas of Hereford, he continued
the work, — and finished the translation of the Old Testament before his death “ in 1384.”
“ In this year (= 13th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou,” Remus, iii. 92), tribute sent to China from
Cambodia.
“ In or about this year ” (Markham edit. Ciez. p. 269), after the conquest of the Huanca nation
by Capac Yupanqui, brother of the Inca Pachacutec, the inhabitants of the district of Caxamarca
induced partly by conquest and partly by conciliation to come under the rule of the Incas.
“ 1381, June ” (Blair, and Skeat), insurrection in England, led by Watt Tyler.
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Ali El-Mansur succeeded by Hadgi Saleh, twenty-first Memluk
sultan of Egypt.
“ 1382, May” (Nicoh), a synod in London; and “ Nov. iSth,” one at Oxford. Against the
Wicleffites or Lollards.
“ In this year” (Bontier 40, and Major edit. Bethenc.), Francisco Lopez in sailing from Seville
to Gallicia driven by a storm to the Great Canary Island, where he and twelve companions were amicably
received, — but at the end of “ seven years,” were put to death from mistrust of the information
they had sent to the Land of the Christians.
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Hadgi Saleh deposed; and succeeded by Barkook. — Some
years later, Hadgi Saleh was recalled to the throne, and soon afterwards put to death. In him, the
Bahrite dynasty became extinct.
* Cinnamomum culilawan of the Moluccas. A tree furnishing the genuine cuUlawan bark, from
early times employed medicinally by the natives — (the so-called “ culilawan bark” of commerce
being a mixture of Indian barks) : C. culilawan is known to grow on Amboyna, but not beyond on
the Papuan islands, nor Westward as far as Java (Blume rum. pl. 9 and 10, and Lindl). From
transported specimens, is clescribed by Linnæus sp. 530.
Cinnamomum rubrum of the Moluccas. A middle-sized tree growing with the preceding, — and
its bark similar and hardly inferior (Blume rum. pl. 11, and Lindl).
Cinnamomum xanthoncuron of tlie Moluccas and Papuan islands. A tree furnishing clove-
scented bark — of great fragrance, extremely like and confounded with Massoy bark, but losing its
quality by time (Blume rum. pi. 13, and Lincll).
Cinnamomum sintoc of the mountains of Southern Hindustan and Java. A tree eighty feet
high, its aromatic bark known from early times : — C. sintoc was observed by Blume rumph. xxx. pi.
12 on the higher mountains of Java, its bark according to Lindley very like “ the true culilawan” but
less agreeable, having “ a strong odour of nutmegs ” and “ not so purely that of cloves.”