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(Forsk.) or “ kharchouf ” (Del.), and figures in one of the tombs, possibly intended for the lettuce,
more resemble floral heads of the articho k e:— the “ kiuara” was found by Ptolemy III. Euergetes
on the river Lethon in Lybia (Athen. ii. 84) ; and C. scolymus was observed by Forskal, Delile,
Clot-Bey, and myself, abundantly cultivated in Egypt. Farther north, the “ kinara” . is mentioned by
Ilecataeus, Sophocles, Sopater of Paphos, and Galen al. fac. ii. 5 1 ; C. scolymus was observed by
Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding throughout the Peloponnesus, but according to Fraas is only
seemingly wild. Westward, the “ c inara” is mentioned by Columella xi. 3. 14, Scribonius, and Pliny
viii. 41 ; is described by Lobel pl. 2. 6 ; is termed “ c. sylvestris latifolia” by Tournefort inst. 442 ; is
known to occur as a weed in cultivated ground in Italy, Sicily, Barbary, Portugal, Southern France,
and is besides regularly cultivated as far as middle Europe (Pers.). Eastward from Egypt, is called
in Bengalee “ hatickak” (D’roz.), in the environs of Bombay “ kingin” and “ cultivated in Deccan
gardens ” (Grah.) ; was observed by Ainslie mat. ind., and Roxburgh, under cultivation in other
parts of Hindustan. By European colonists, was carried to America, where I have found it sparingly
cultivated for its edible caly.x-leaves in our Middle States.
Cucumis fiexuosus of Equatorial Africa. The long curving cucumber called in Egypt “ güttëh ”
(as heard by mj^self), “ cucumer longissimus ” in Egyptian “ shôpi ” (Edw., “ cuciimer ” being
“ tshplok ” or “ tshplòk,” Kirch.) agrees with the long green slightly-curved fruit figured in tombs
at Gizeh — as well as under the Seventeenth’ or Eighteenth dynasty: the “ h të ” is mentioned in
Ex, ix. 32 ; the “ kathe ” by Rhazes, Abd-ailatif, and Alpinus : C. fiexuosus was observed in Egypt
by Hasselquist; by myself, the fruit only, curving to the length of three or four feet, and devoid of
papillae. Farther North, the “ cucumis anguinus ” is mentioned by VaiTo i. 2. 25, Columella vii. 10. 5,
and Pliny.
CitruUus vulgaris oi Equatorial Africa. Called in English watermelon, in German “ wasser-
melone” (Grieb), in French “ pastèque” (Nugent), by the Greeks “ karpousia” (Fraas) and by the
Turks “ carpus ” (Forsk.), in Russia “ arbus ” (Erman i. p. 235), in Persia “ hinduanach ” (Ainsi.), in
Egypt “ ba tykh” (Del.), in Egyptian “ pëlëpëpôn” (Sept. transl. Num. xi. 5) or “ pëlpën” (Kircb.),
and agreeing in shape and relative size with a green fruit figured in tombs at Gizeh — as well as
under the Seventeenth and Eighteenth dynasties : the “ abatyhym” of Egypt were longed for by the
Israelites in the Desert; the “ b a ty kh ” is mentioned by Serapion, Ebn Baitar, and Abd-allatif ; and
C. vulgaris was observed by Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt.
Farther North, “ melopeponas ” are mentioned by Columella, and Pliny xix. 23 ; the “ mëlôpëpôn,”
by Florentinus (Geopon. xii, 20), and is distinguished by Galen alim. ii. 5 by its internal substance
that contains the seeds being edible ; C. vulgaris is described by Matthioli p. 369, Lobel obs. pl. 641,
and Dalechamp p. 625 ; rvas observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, but in general seems
little known in Western Europe. Southward and Eastward from Egypt, the fruit was observed by
myself in market at Mocha and Muscat : C. vulgaris is called in Sanscrit “ chaya p u la ” (A in s i, and
Pidd.), in Bengalee and Hindustanee “ tarbuj ” (D ’roz.), in the environs of Bombay “ tarbooza,” and
“ extensively cultivated” (Graham, and myseif). Farther East, was observed by Mason v, p. 456
“ exotic ” in Burmah, cultivated by both Karens and Burmese, and called “ pha-rai ; ” by Loureiro
p. 730, in Cochinchina and China; by Rumphius v. pl. 146, in the Malayan archipelago (A. Dec.) ;
and by Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called “ suikwa.” By European colonists, was
carried to Brazil and the West Indies (Marcgraf p. 22, and Sloane i. p. 226) ; to Northeast America,
where it continues abundantly cultivated ; to the islands of the Pacific, as ascertained by myself on
the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean groups, and as far as New Zealand and Australia.
Of the plants thus far mentioned, those displaced by the hand of man came principally from
Northern climates. Nine however are decidedly Tropical : doo date-palm, ‘‘¿ossloXy from Hindustan
beyond the Persian G ulf; but the remainder, the doum-palm. Papyrus, Arundo donax, fig , watei'-
melon, curving cucumber. Acacia AHlotica, and Nymphoea coerulea, all from either Tropical Araltia
or the Upper Nile,
King Onas was buried in the Mastabat-el-Faraoun, a long building at Sakkarah inscribed with
his name and constructed of enormous blocks of limestone, anciently inlaid with hard stones : — and it
appears from a total in the rubric in the Turin papyrus, “ that his reign was one of those fixed points
from which the ancient Egyptians computed the chronology of the old monarchy ” (Birch).
The above oval will be found to correspond with the Babylonian account of Oannes ; who came
out of the Persian Gulf, and taught mankind the art of writing with other branches of learning, all
mechanical arts, the building, of cities and temples, geometry, agriculture, law-making, and everything
essential to the well-being of society: — since which time, nothing new or at least nothing
belter has been found out (Beros,). Oannes is represented on the As.syrian monuments as having the
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body of a fish with the human face and feet ; and is mentioned also by Apollodorus (Euseb. i. p.
8, and Syncell. P .0 8 ).^ ^ Afr.-Manefo. table), Onnos
I simcLded by Othoes, head of the Sixth dynasty, a Memphite dynasty. The name of k ,
„ T h S a . l c o » . ? S w S L c o n c n in g , . i . . f ««« hand, b . c a . , , of .h . gro.nd
- l i i i l i i i i l S g p l
days of Homer il. xui. 39°- J u t ts / g ^^d by Cratinus, and Theophrastus; sculp-
Pausanias . . . . , kokkaioi me i c „ „ a n tp n nlim fac ii ■ P. pinea was observed
Mnasl.haaa, D lo d .s , A k ia n d .r M jad iu , N ,0 e , 0 Galea g p .|o p „ „ „ a ,a ., in
the smoke rising Irom the erup Tournefort inst ?8s ; is known to occur seemingly
S .la J \U l.T d J a . n .i, w „ . found by n ,,...f largely ln,po,.ed in.o Spa.lab
“ o lventaum g p / q j “ agroSlia,” but by the Turks “ jaban zeitan Agagt^
( L 7 “ d ^ b . b , , : . n 0 p v ; 2 .™ ^ ^
Jotham (Judg. ix. 9), and Mical . 5 . pvrpne • in the days of Pliny at Thebes in Egypt,
T I L 5 T S e d by Perafan medical writers, L d is known to grow in sheltered situations along
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