ff
w m III
200 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
identified further in Syn. Diosc. with the “ vlehros ” of Theophrastus caus. i. 7. 5, and others : M.
pulegium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in vineyards and fallow ground
from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Alpinus, and Delile, in Egypt ; is known
to grow also as far as Caucasus (Lindi.). Westward, the “ glehön ” or “ v leh ron” or “ arsénikan-
th on ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ alvölön ” or “ gallis opsis ” of the Gauls, “ apoléioum”
of the Numidians, “ pölSiöum” of the Romans; and the “ pulejum” or “ pulegium” is mentioned
by Varrò, Cicero, and Plin y: M. pulegium is termed “ m. aquatica seu pulegium vulgare” by
Tournefort inst. 189; was observed by Forskal under cultivation on Malta; is known to grow wild
in Italy (Lenz), and from Teneriffe and Gibraltar throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers.,
Engl. bot. pl. 1026, and Lindi.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America before
1669 (Jossel.), but has disappeared'(excluded by substituting the medicinal use of the indigenous
Hedeoma pulegioides) ; to Chili, where it has become naturalized (Lindi.). As in the days of Dioscorides,
the plant continues in high repute as emmenagogue (Spreng., and Pereir.).
Gladiolus cotnmunis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens corn fla g or
corn sedge or sword-grass (Ainsw.), in France “ g la y eu l” (Nugent), in Germany “ siegwurz,” in Italy
“ pancaciulo” or “ gladiolo” (Lenz), in Greece “ spathöhörtön ” (Fraas) or “ agriökörkörös ” (Sibth.);
and the AAAAAIAAE of the Hymn to Ceres, — or “ agallis” of Nicander fr. 2, maybe compared:
the “ phasganon” called “ xiphos ” from resembling a sword, its root edible, is mentioned by Theophrastus
vi. 8. I and vii. 13. t ; by Dioscorides, as growing mostly in cultivated ground, having nerved
sword-shaped leaves, and a row of purple flowers ; by Athenaeus xv. 31, as planted on graves of virgins
: G. communis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground
at the opening of spring from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, the “ xiphion ” or “ phasganon”
or “ mahairöniön ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ sègètalèm ” or “ glathiölöum ” of
the Romans; the “ gladiolus ” is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 38 to 68, Isidorus, and in the Ortus Sanitatis
2U : G. communis is termed “ g. floribus uno versu dispositis, major et procerior, flore purpuro-
rubente ” by Tournefort inst. 365 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to occur
in Barbary, Italy, and other parts of Southern Europe (Mill., and Pers.).
830 B. C. ( = 848 — “ 18 y e a rs ” of schol. Plat. rep. x. p. 419 and of Suidas, Eusebius’ numbers
placing the event two years later), end of the regency of Lycurgus.
“ 828 B. C.” (Cailim., Jul. Afr., and Clint, i. p. 140 and ii. p. 500 = 803 + “ 25 y e a r s ” of the
Euseb.-Maneth. table = 1417 — “ 194 — 172 — 130 — 49 — 44 years ” of the Armenian Euseb.-
Maneth. table = “ 5 1— 61 — 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 — 135 — 130 — 120 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth.
table), at the command of the Delphic Oracle, and after sending an embassy to Egypt (Herodot. ii.
i6o), the Olympian games restored by Iphitus king of Elis : co-operating with Lycurgus, then or
recently regent at Sparta (see Hermipp., Plut., and Athen. xiv. p. 635).
The “ disk of Iphitus” bearing an inscription — was preserved for some centuries; and is
referred to by Aristotle and others, as an example of “ ancient writing.”
Anagallis arvensis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain red pimpernell or from its
flowers closing before rain poor maris weather-glass (Prior), in Germany “ gauchheil,” in Italy “ cen-
tonchio” or “ erba grisettina ” or “ anagallide” (Lenz), in Greece “ pèrthikoulè ” (Sibth.) or “ kor-
he s tra” (Fraas), by the prophets “ aima öphthalmöu ” or “ hèlithonión ” (Syn. Diosc.); and the
“ körhörös” from its bitterness the subject of a proverb — according to Theophrastus vii. 7. 2, its
leaves “ òkimóthés,” may be compared: the “ anagallis ” is mentioned in Ulc. 879; is described by
Dioscorides as “ kèhumèna èpi gès ” diffuse, and the red-flowered kind is distinguished : A. arvensis
was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in cultivated and fallow ground from the
Peloponnesus to Constantinople, and according to Fraas eaten as greens ; was observed by Forskal,
and Delile, in Egypt; was received from both Egypt and Abyssinia by Decandolle ; is known to grow
also on mount Sinai (Decsne), and about Caucasus (Ledeb.). Westward, the red-flowered “ anagallis
” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ kèrkèraphrón ” of the Dacians, “ sapana” of the Gauls,
“ masitipös ” of the Tuscans, and “ makia” of the Romans ; the “ anagallida mas flore phoeniceo ” is
distinguished by Pliny xxv. 92 : A. arvensis is described by Lyte ; is termed “ a. phoeniceo flore ” by
Tournefort inst. 142; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles; and is known to
occur in cultivated ground as far as Sweden (Vili, dauph, ii. 461, Pers,, and Fries). Eastward from
Caucasus, is known to grow in Siberia (Ledeb.) ; also in Persia, employed there to prevent cataract
in eyes of horses (S. G. Gmel. trav. iii. 349, and Spreng.) ; along the Himalayan mountains to Cash-
mere and Nepaul (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan, purple-flowered ; and by Beechey,
on the Loo Choo Islands (Hook.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira and the Azores
(Bard., and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized in open situations in our
Atlantic States ; to Mexico (Berland.) and California, observed by myself naturalized around San
Francisco Bay; to Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chili (Saint-Flil., A. Dec., and Poepp.); to Austral
Africa (Dec.), the Mauritius Islands (Boj.), Australia (Dec.), and New Zealand (Raoul). The plant
as appears from Lindley continues in medicinal use.
O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 201
Anagallis latifolia of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Yemen “ choda” (Forsk.), by the
prophets “ nuktëritis,” in Egyptian “ mikiëi ” (Syn. Diosc.) ; and the “ kôrhôrôs ” of the proverb —
is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the blue-flowered “ anagallis the “ kôrkôrôn ” is mentioned
by Aristophanes vesp. 23g as cooked and eaten ; is also mentioned by Nicander ther. 626 to 864, and
Hephaestion : the blue-flowered “ anagallis,” said to differ in some of its medicinal properties, is
mentioned by Dioscorides, Archigenes, and Galen comp. med. ix. 2 : A. latifolia was observed by
i'orskal on the mountains of Yemen as well as in Egypt ; by myself on the river-flat o f the Nile, the
flowers larger and more showy and always blue ; is perhaps the blue-flowered species seen by Forskal,
and Sibthorp, as far as Constantinople. Westward, the blue-flowered “ anagallis” is identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ asirrisoi ” of the Numidians, and “ mëkiatô ” of the Romans ; is distinguished
by Pliny xxv. 92 as flowering earlier and avoided by cattle, but he includes both kinds under “ anagallida
” called “ corchoron : ” A. latifolia is described by Linnæus ; is known to grow in Spain
(Pers.), and in general according to A. Decandolle p. 572 farther South than the preceding species.
(See Gladiolus communis).
Anagallis tenella oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The “ kôrhôrôs ” — according
to the scholiast of Nicand. having leaves always reclining on the ground, seems to agree better with
this species: the “ kôrhôrôs ” mentioned separately from the “ anagallis ” by Galen simpl. vi, may
also be compared : A . tenella was observed by Sibthorp on Crete. Westward, is termed “ lysimachia
humifusa folio rotundiore flore purpurascente ” by Tournefort inst. 141 ; and is known to grow from
Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iii. pl. 15, Schmidt, and Pers.).
“ In this y e a r ” ( . . . . Lacharme note to Chi-King iii. 3. g), war carried on by Suen-ouang
against the barbarians of the country called Hoai or Hoai-Siu.
“ 827 B. C. = 1st year of Siouan-wang, of the T ch eou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
Stone monuments of the time of the emperor Siouan-wang — are preserved in a college at Pekin
(Pauth.).
Mespilus Germanica of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain
medlar (Prior), in France “ neflier” or “ nespel,” in Old French “ melier” or “ mesplé,” in Old German
and Danish “ mespel ” or “ mispel ” (A. De c.), in current German “ mispel,” in Italy “ nespolo ”
and the fruit “ nespola” (Lenz), in Greece “ mëskôulëa ” (Fraas) ; and the “ neflier ” is mentioned in
a Siao-ya ode* — (Chi-King ii. i. 2) according to Pauthier. Westward, the “ mëspilôu ëtë rôn ” is
identified through Syn. Diosc. with the “ satanëiôs” of Theophrastus iii. 12. 5 bearing larger and
more spongy fruit, and one of the three kinds distinguished by the inhabitants of mount Ida: the
“ mëspilôu ëtërôn” is described by Dioscorides as resembling the “ mëlô” even in its leaves but a
smaller tree, its fruit edible subastringent round with a wide umbilicus and ripening slowly; is identified
in the added Synonyms with the “ ëpimëlitha” or “ sëtaniôn; ” and directions for the cultivation
of “ mëspilôn ” are given by Didymus (Geopon. x. 71) : M. Germanica was observed by Sibthorp in
woods in the environs of Constantinople, and besides cultivated; is known to grow wild also in
Thrace and as far as Germany (Spreng.). Farther West, of the three kinds of “ mespilis ” the
“ setania” was not in Italy in the days of Cato (Plin. xv. 22), but had arrived before the tijne of Dioscorides,
and the cultivation of “ mespilus” is mentioned by Palladius iv, 10. 19: M. Germanica is
termed “ m. germ, folio laurino non serrato sive m. sylvestris ” by Tournefort inst. 641 ; wa.s observed
by Lenz cultivated and seemingly wild in Italy; and is known to occur throughitut middle Europe
(Pers., and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself
under cultivation in our Middle States.
825 B. C. = “ 27th year of Sesonk IV .,” death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch).
“ In this y e a r ” (Hieronym. and Clint, i. p. 166, Diodorus’ numbers giving 787 + “ 45 y e a r s ” =
832), “ Seventh” change in naval dominion. Leaving the Cyprians, the “ Empire of the s e a ” acquired
by the Phoenicians. — Held by tliem “ forty-five” years.
From the time of the Phoenician occupation, the Balearic islanders celebrated as slingers ; their
skill in the art derived originally from their Rhodian ancestors— (see Strab.).
Schoenus nigricans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A sort of rush ; and the
“ mëlagkrainas ” of which some Balearic slings were made — (Strab. iii. 5. i, and Sil. Ital. iii. 64),
used besides for cinctures according to Philetas (schol. Strab.), and according to Theophrastus iv. 12
named from its black fruit, is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas : the account by Pliny xxi. 69
seems taken from Theophrastus, but Dioscorides adds, that the fruit is round : S. nigricans is de.
scribed by Morison iii. 8. pl. 10; is termed “ gramen spicatum junci facie lithospermi semine” by
Tournefort inst. 518 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the marshes of the
* Populus dero of Eastern Asia. A poplar called by the Ainos “ dero ” (Sieb.) ; and the “ peupliers,
yang,” growing on Northern mountains according to a Siao-)'a ode — (Chi-King ii. 2. 3, transl.
Pauth.) may be compared : P. dero was observed by Siebold on the island of Yeso.
26