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202 CHRO NO LO G ICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Peloponnesus ; nnd is known to grow in marshes more or less maritime as far as Britain (Pers.,
and Engl. bot. pl. 1121).
822 B. C. ( = 802 -|- “ 20 years ” of Castor, Euseb., and Syncell.), at Athens, Pherecles succeeded
by his son Ariphron, ninth archon for life. The same date, possibly marking the same event
( = 991 — “ 121 — 48 years ” of the Egyptian Chronicle = 1417 — “ 194 — 178 — 130 — 49 — 44
years ” of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, the same table giving 339 “ -j- 6 + 4 + 6 + 20 + 21 y. 4 mo.
- f 6 + 120 y. 4 mo. + 42 - f 25 + 17 + 6 + 45 + 8 + 6 + 7 + 12 -|- 44 + 44 -j- 44 years ” = 822
y. S mo., and the Afr.-Maneth. table “ 4 -j- 3 -)- 2 -|- 38 + 20 y. 4 mo. -j- 6 + 124 y. 4 mo. -|-
150 y. 6 mo. + 40 -|- 6 89 years ” = 822 y. 2 mo., also 1417 — “ 209 — 135 — 130 — 120 years ”
= S23 = 1413 —- “ 209 — 135 — 130 — 21 — 15 — 25 — 13 — 42 years ” ).
819 B. C. ( = 818 y. 251^11 d. = 834 y. 7 7 ^ 1 d. — “ 16 years ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xiii.
10, or by the line of Judah 831 y. 357/5% 6- — “ y e a r ” of 2 K. xiv. 23 = 817 y. 3S7-g%\ d-, or —
“ 15th y e a r ” o f twelve lunations = 818 y. 144/55- d.), Joash succeeded by his son Jeroboam I I .,
thirteenth king of Israel.
818 B. C. ( = 865 y. 4 mo. — “ 47 y e a r s ” of Phoenician annals in Menander Ephes., and Jos. c.
A .), at Tyre, end of the reign of Pygmalion.
About this time (Herodot. iv. 15 . . . ), Aristeas visiting the countries North of the Black Sea
as far as the Issedones : — the Issedones are described by Herodotus iv. 24 as eating their dead
parents; a custom extant in various parts of the East Indies.
From the Issedones, Aristeas obtained accounts of more distant tribes, Aritnaspi, Grypi, and
Hyperborei, of a nation “ dwelling along the Northern Ocean on terms of peace with their neighbours”
(a description applicable only to the Laplanders and Samoyedes). — On his return Aristeas
embodied his observations in an Epic poem, which appears to have long continued among the Greeks
their principal source of information respecting Northern countries. Accounts of the Polar night
reached Greece as early at least as the days of Herodotus, who speaks of a people reported to “ sleep
six months of the year.”
In or about “ 817 B. C .” (Thucyd., and Clint, i. p. 141 and ii. p. 408), the Laws of Lycurgus,
derived (according to Aristotle rep. ii. 10) “ from those of Minos,” adopted at Sparta; with the
concurrence of Charilaus (according to Plutarch 5), and of Agesilaus (according to Pausanias iii. 2. 4,
possibly like Herodotus and Justinus, referring the adoption to the time of the regency). Written
laws were prohibited by Lycurgus.
Lupinus hirsutus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ loupinia ” and its seeds
“ loupini ” (Fraas), on Zacynthus “ agrio lôupôunô ” (Sibth.), in Egyptian “ vrëhôu ” (Syn. Diosc.) ;
the only species found by Fraas cultivated in Greece, and there only in the district around Sparta,
in seeming connexion with the diet of the ancient inhabitants : — “ thërmôkuamôus ” are mentioned
by the poet Diphilus (.i^then. ii.) : the “ tliërmôs ” as esculent, in the Hippocratic treatises, and
by Alexis, Polemon, Timocles, Zeno; by Theophrastus viii. i. 3 to 11. 8 as a cultivated pulse; and
the “ thërmôs êmërôs,” by Dioscorides, and in Geopon. ii. 37 : L. hirsutus was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard,^and Fraas, wild from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Castagne, as
far as Constantinople (A. Dec.) ; by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, in some instances intermingled
in crops of L. termis, but whether purposely was not ascertained. Westward, is described by Bauhin
hist. ii. 289, and Gupani i. pl. 156 ; is termed “ 1. latifolius humilis hirsutus ” by .Tournefort inst. 392 ;
is known to grow wild in Portugal and Spain (Pers., Boiss., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Shaw
393 in Barbary, and by Forskal near Marseilles.
Lupinus pilosus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ lupouni” (Sibth.), and
possibly included with the preceding: — the “ agrios ërëvinthos ” of Dioscorides ii. 126 may also be
compared ; L. pilosus was observed by Fraas near Sparta, not known to be cultivated ; by Sibthorp,
on the Greek islands. We.=tward, is termed “ 1. peregrinus major vel villosus cæruleus major” by
C. Bauhin pin. 348, is described also by Tournefort inst. 392 ; and is known to grow in various parts
of Southern Europe (Pers.).
Pisum elatius of the countries around the Black Sea. A species of pea, possibly the green
<î> A £ H V OS forming the supper of the Spartan warriors— (Polemon, and Athen. ii. 46) : P. elatius
is however unknown in the cultivated state ; is described by Steven, and Bieberstein, and according
to Ledebour is indigenous around the Black Sea (Steud., and A. Dec.): the “ P. arvense” seen by
Sibthorp pl. 687 in cultivated ground about Constantinople, and by Moris in Sardinia, is referred to
P. elatius by Grisebach spicil. i. p. 69. (See P. arvense).
Poterium spinosum of the East Mediterranean countries. A bushy spinescent plant called in
Greece “ aphanna ” or “ astôivë ” (Sibth.) or “ stoivatha ” (Fraas), in which we recognize the £T I B AS I
beds of the Spartans — (Plut. 16): “ stivath a” are mentioned in the Cyclic epigon., also by Herodotus,
Euripedes, Xenophon, Plato pol. ii. 372; and the “ stôivë ” plant, by Aristophanes ran. 1178,
Dioscorides, by Theophrastus vi. i. 3 as prickly separate from the leaves and by some called “ phëôs : ”
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D PL A N T S. 203
P. spinosum was observed by Honorius Bellus in Crete (Clus. ii. p. 303) ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, abounding and occupying tracts of country from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek
islands ; and is known to grow on Lebanon (Pers.). Westward, the “ stôivë ” or “ stôviôn ” is identified
in Syn. Diosc. with the “ stipara ” of the Romans ; but the account by Pliny xxi. 54 and xxii. 13
of the “ stoebe” or “ phleos ” seems taken from Theophrastus and Dioscorides: P. spinosum is
described by Pena and Lobel (Spreng.) ; is termed “ pimpinella spinosa seu sempervirens ” by Tournefort
inst. 157 ; and is known to grow in North Italy (Lenz).
Lycopodium denticulatiim of the Mediterranean Countries. A delicate moss-like species. The
VVKO>i>OA/AE mingled in £TI BASI in winter in accordance with the Laws of L y c u r g u s ( P lu t . 16),
may be compared : L. denticulatum is termed “ muscus denticulatus minor ” by Tournefort inst, 556 ;
is described also by Dillenius pl. 56 f. i, and Linnæus; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
on rocks abounding from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Italy, Corsica,
Spain, Tunis, Tangier, and Teneriffe, its alleged presence in Poland being a mistake (Bory).
816 B. C. ( = 776 -(- “ 40 years ” of Euseb. i. p 46, Diodorus ii. 21 giving 1820 — 1000 years
or “ thirty generations ” = 820), death of the Assyrian emperor Sardanapallus, defeated by Arbaces
the Mede and Belesis. Ariphron being at the time archon at Athens ; a well-known synchronism,
according to Syncellus ; and admitted even by Eusebius i. p. 137.
815 B. C. ( = “ 37th year of Sesonk I V . ; ” the latest date in his reign found on
the monuments—-(Leps. k. tab. p. 19).
811 B. C. ( = 753 “ 10 -|- 8 -|- 40 y.'s ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), accession of
Pëtôuvatês or Pëtôuvastis, head of the Twenty-third dynasty. The name of king
Petsjbast occurs on contemporaneous monuments — (Prisse, and Leps. k. pl. 46).
Acacia, gummifera oi the Tropical Sahara as far as Arabia. Its exudation is called in English
gum arabic, in Egyptian “ kômë ” — (peripl. Erythr., and Kirch.); in which we recognize the
“ kommi ” of the Egyptian “ akanthë” mentioned by Herodotus ii. 96, the “ gummi optimum ex
Aegyptia spina ” of Pliny xxiv. 65, and the “ qwma” of the Talmud (Buxt. lex. talm.) : the “ samgh
turi ” brought from Tor into Egypt is identified by Forskal mat., med. with “ gummi arabicum,” said
by other authorities to be procured in small quantities in the Sinai peninsula. The tree is called in
Upper Egypt “ toull ” (Del.), in Yemen “ talah ” (Forsk,), in which we recognize the “ teil ” tree of
Isaiah vi. 13, and the “ talh ” loaded from top to bottom with its produce according to Mohammed
kor. 56, mentioned also by Abd-allatif : A. gummifera was observed by Delile in Upper Egypt ; by
Forskal, in Tropical Arabia and its gum collected, but at Mocha I learned that the principal part of
the gum arabic of commerce comes from the Somali country. Westward, A. gummifera is known
to grow in Barbary as far as Mogador (Lindl. ; see Inga sassa).
“ 806 B. C.” (argum. Chi-King i. 7. i), Hoang-long prince of Tching.
804 B. C. ( = 804 y. 495I-5 d. = 818 y. 25i/|4 d. — “ 15 years ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xiv. 17),
Amaziah slain, and the accession at Jerusalem of his son Azariah or Uzziah, thirteenth Jewish king:
(the “ 15 y e ars ” allotted to Amaziah = 14 Julian years and 202 days, implying knowledge of the
Cycle o f thirty lunar years — 10,631 days. — This Cycle continues in use among the Muslims, and
is sometimes termed the “ Muslim Cycle ” ).
Caucalis daucoides of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Greece “ vëlôni ” (Sibth.), and
the 3 SOV lonë of Amos v. 7, Deut. xxix. 18, — Prov. v. 4, Jeremiah ix. 15, and xxiii. 15, and Lam.
iii. 15 to 19, or the “ apsinthôs ” of Rev. viii. 11 rendering water bitter and deadly, may be compared ;
the frequent association of the “ lonë ” with the “ rash ” suggesting some compound like the Greek
“ kônëiôn,” and the allusion in Hebr. xii. 15 being figurative : the herb “ balin ” is said by Xanthus
of Lydia to have restored a slain dragon to life (Plin. xxv. 5) : C. daucoides was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Hohenacker
p. 96 in the Suwant or Talysch country; and was received by Reichard from Egypt (Del.). Farther
West, is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced later than the Roman Period, the plant continuing
unknown in Sicily and Sardinia ; is described by Bauhin hist. iii. 2. p. 80, and Morison ix. pi. 14 ; is
termed “ c. dauci sylvestris folio echinato magno fructu ” by Tournefort inst. 323, “ conium Royeni ”
by Linnæus (Steud.) ; was already in Britain in the days of Ray, was observed by Desfontaines in
Barbary, is known to occur also in Italy and throughout middle Europe, everywhere confined exclusively
to cultivated ground (Jacq. austr. pl. 157, Pers., Guss., and A. Dec.).
Papaver dubium of the East Mediterranean countries. A kind of poppy called in Greece “ pap-
arouna” (Lenz), in Egyptian “ nanti” (Syn. Diosc.): the £Rq rash of Amos vi. 12, Deut. xxix. 18 to
xxxii. 32, — Job xx. 16, Psalm ixix. 21, Jeremiah ix. 15, and Lam. ii! ig, springing up in the furrows
of the field and flowering beautifully as appears from Hosea x. 4, and yielding a juice according to
Jer. viii. 14 to xxiii. 15, may be compared with the “ mëkôn rôias ” of Dioscorides having an oblong
capsule with reddish seeds and flowers sometimes white, referred here by Sprengel : P. dubium was
observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the hills of the Peloponnesus and Attica ; by Visiani iii, p. 99,
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