to
CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
of Ajax “ aias ” was substituted before the days of Euphorion, and Theocritus x. 2S : the “ uakinthos ”
is termed “ pôluthrënôs ” by Nicander 902 ; is identified in Syn. Diosc. iii. 77 with the “ thëlphiniôn ; ”
and the “ uakinthos ” inscribed with letters is identified by Paus.inias i. 35. 4 and ii. 35. s with the
“ kôsmôsanthalôn ” having coronary flowers: these letters according to Moschus iii. 5, and Ovid
met. X. 2 t i , are the Greek A I, and Lucian xiv. p. 43 speaks of “ ëpaiazônta” the dead: D. ajacis
was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople; by Sibthorp, in fallow ground from Boeotia
to the Peloponnesus, its corolla according to Chaubard, distinctly bearing the letters A I A : farther
South, was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, is
described by Miller, and Linnæus; is termed “ d. simplex” by Salisbury; is known to occur in
Switzerland (Pers.), and the flowers according to Sprengel are often red. Eastward from Egypt,
was observed by Wight, and Graham, in Tropical Hindustan, “ in Deckan gardens” according to
Lush, “ where it is planted below orange and peach trees to keep down weeds ; ” was observed by
Mason “ exotic ” in Burmah.
Sd//a amoena of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. After tlie death of Ajax,
according to the inhabitants of Salamis, a pale reddish flower made its appearance, smalier in all its
parts than the “ krin on ” and inscribed with letters like those on “ uakintliois ” — (P an s .): the
“ uakinthos” is mentioned by Homer il. xiv. 348 and od. vi. 231 as growing on mountains; by
Theophrastus vi. 8, as vernal but continuing a long while flowering ; by Dioscorides, as a span high
and resembling in root and leaves the “ vôlvô,” the green stem more slender than the little finger
and terminating in a curved raceme of purplish flowers, the root believed to delay puberty in boys :
S. amoena is described by Rudbeck. ii. pl. 7 ; is termed “ ornithogalum cæruleum byzantinum” by
Tournefort inst. 380 ; was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, by Chaubard, in ascending
Taygetus; is known to grow also in Germany, Austria, and Russia (Jacq. austr. pl. 218), and according
to Persoon its petals are marked at base with two white lines.
“ 1052'B. C. = is t year of Tchao-wang, of the T ch eo u ” or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron.
table).
In this year ( = 1078 — “ 26 years ” of both Maneth. tables), Smënthës succeeded
by Psôusënnës, second king of the Twenty-first dynasty. Herhor siamun was succeeded
by his grandson Pisem or Painetem; whose name has been found on contemporaneous
monuments (Leps. k. pl. 43), though not enclosed in royal ovals. He
A—k married Rakamat of the Ramessid line, acquiring thus a kind of legitimate title to the
throne — (Birch).
The same year ( = 1054 — “ 2 y e a r s ” of i Sam. xiii. i), war against the Philistines commenced
by Saul.
Picridium Tingiianum of the Desert-margin and the shores of the Mediterranean. Called in
Egypt “ houeh ” (Del.), in which we recognize the ’ 141 id hwh among which Israelites now concealed
themselves— ( i Sam. xiii. 6), mentioned also in Prov. xxvi. 9, Cant. ii. 2, Isai. xxiv. 13, and Job
xxxi. 4 : P. Tingitanum, an herb with crowded leaves rejected by all kinds of cattle except donkeys,
was observed by Forskal p. 143 not far from Cairo growing in the Desert; by Delile, near Alexandria;
by Sibthorp, along roadsides in Asia Minor and on the seashore of Caria and Cyprus. Westward,
is described by Hermann lugd. pl 659 ; is termed “ S. tingitanus papaveris folio ” by Tournefort
inst. 475 ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Barbary (Pers.).
1041 B. C. ( = 1091 — “ 50 years ” after the death of Hyllus, Diodor. iv. 58, see also Oenom.
in Euseb. pr. v. p. 210, and schol. Pind. isthm. vii. 18), Second invasion of the Peloponnesus by the
Heraclidæ. Repelled, and their leader Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, slain. (By some writers, the event
is placed three years later, see below).
Genista monosperma of the Desert-margin, from the Atlantic to the Sinai Peninsula. Called iu
Egypt “ retam,” in which we recognize the coals of “1 + S rdm alluded to by David while a fugitive.
(Psalm cxx. iv) : — Elijah on his way to Mount Horeb rested under a “ rdm ” (i K. xix. 4), as is
often done in the same region by niodern travellers (Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; the “ rdm ” is mentioned also
in Job xxx. 4, and charcoal procured in the Sinai Peninsula from G. monosperma continues to
be carried to Egypt (Forsk., and others): the living plant was observed by Forskal near Suez; by
Delile, not far from Cairo growing in the Desert. Westward, is known to grow in Morocco, and in
sterile situations in Portugal and Spain (Pers. ; see also Atriplex coriacea).
1038 B. C. ( = 1037 y. 240^^1 d. = 1005 y. 1 16 ^ d. -\- “ 40 years ” of ten lunations of i K. ii. 11
and I Chron. xxix. 27 = 1053 y. 302 d. — “ 20 years ” of ten lunations, in Josephus as read by
Epiphanius, in Theophilus of Antioch, and in Clemens Alexandrinu.s), Saul succeeded by David,
second Jewish king.
The same year ( = 1071 — “ 33 y e a r s ” of Castor and Eusebius), Demophon succeeded by his
son Oxyntes, as king of Athens. (The Second invasion of the Heraclidæ, according to Eusebius ii.
p. 300, is by some writers placed in the “ first year of Oxyntes.” See above).
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 179
Ninety-eighth generation. Sept. ist, 1034, mostly beyond youth: Ethan the Ezrahite (i K. iv.
31, I Chron. ii. 6, and Psalm Ixxxix), Heman ( i K. iv. 31, i Chron. ii. 6, vi. 33, xxv. 4, and 2 Chron.
xxxv. 15), Chalcol or Calcol, and Darda or Dara ( i K. iv. 31, and i Chron. ii. 6), Asaph ( i Chron.
vi. 39, XXV. , and 2 Chron. xxxv. 15), the prophets Gad, and Nathan (2 Sam. xxiv. 11 to 18, and
I Chron. xxix. 29), the compiler-of the book of Yshr (quoted in Josh. x. 13, and which contained
David’s lamentation 2 Sam. i. 18 to 27) : among the Greeks, the Fleraclid chieftain Phylas, father
of Hippotus (Oenom., and Pausan. ii. 4. 3), Tisamenus father of Autesion (Herod, iv. 147, and
Pausan. ix. 8).
1032 B. C. ( = 1037 y. 240JI d. — “ 7 years ” of ten lunations o f i K. ii. 11), the Jewish seat of
government removed by king David from Hebron to Jerusalem.
The art of serpent-e/iarming mentioned \n Psalm Iviii. 5: the S t 9 fdn or “ deaf adder ” that
“ stoppeth her ear,” implying the ear-like appendages of the cerastes or horned viper {aiready noticed);
— the “ fd n ” is also mentioned in Psalm xci. 13, and Isai. xi. 8.
Cassia aschrek of Tropical Arabia. - Called there “ a schrek” (Forsk.), and the HS8V azrh of
Psalm xxxvii. 35 — may be compared: the “ is ch rik ” is mentioned by Ascha, Firouzabadi, Abul
Abbas Elhafits, Elgafaki, and is described b y Ebn Baitar as growing “ in A ra b ia ” and having the
“ leaves of senna; ” C. aschrek was observed hy Forskal p. 86 on the Western margin of the Arabian
Desert.
“ 1022 B. C. = t h e Ninth manwantara” among the Hindus — (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentiey
as. res. viii. 244).
1018 B. C. ( = 939 y. 8 mo. - | - “ 9 - ) -6 + 9 + 4 years ” of both Maneth. tables),
PsousSnnes succeeded by Néphérhérés, third king of the Twenty-first dynasty. The
name o f king Patenankh-Nebkanofre, apparently of this dynasty, has, been found on
the monuments (Leps. k. pl. 68) ; the order of succession not given.
“ 1017 B. C. = 36th year of Tchao-wang” (Chinese chron. table), beginning o f the
Twenty-eighth cycle.
1015 B. C. ( = 1002 y. i i 6¿*5 d. + “ 12 years before the building of Solomon’s temple” of Jos. a. j.
viii. 3. I, and c. A. i. i8), Abibalus (the earliest Phoenician king known, the first portion of the Lists
of Dius and Menander Ephes. being deficient) succeeded by his son Hiram ; of the age of ( “ 53 —
34 ” z=) nineteen, and who reigned “ thirty-four” years. Hiram (according to Menander Ephes.,
and Jos.) built in Tyre the first temple to Flercules (Samson).
Hadad, king of the Syrians at Damascus, warring against David (Nicol. Damasc., in Jos. . .
vii. 5. i ) . The Syrians were defeated, and “ David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus ” (2 Sam.
viii. 5 and 6).
1014 B. C. ( = 989 y. 8 mo. -J- “ 9 + 6 + 9 years ” of both Maneth. tables), Néphér-
héres succeeded by Aménópthis, fourth king of the Twenty-first dynasty. Flis name
and that of his wife Hesiemkheb have been found on the bricks of Kheb in the Hep-
tanomide— (Birch, and Leps. k. pl. 43).
1012 B. C. (Asclep., and Strab. xiii. i. 3), death of Orestes, after planning the
Aeolic Migration. He was succeeded as Argive king by his son Tisamenus.
io n B. C. (=; 1071 — “ 60 y e a r s ” of Thucyd. i. 12, and Strab. xiii. i. 3, see also Cinaeth., and
Pausan. ii. iS. 5), the Aeolic Migration assembled at Aulis under Penthilus another son of Orestes,
and led by sea into the Troad. The expedition consisted in part of Boeotian fugitives from Arne ;
driven out by the Thessali, who after a long absence were re-occupying the country from this time
called Thessaly.
On their way, the city of Orchomenus captured by the fugitives, and annexed to Boeotia — (Thuc.
iv. 76, Strab. ix. p. 401, and Sm. geogr. d ie t) .
About this time (991 + “ about 20 y e a rs ” of Clinton i. p. 108, see also Apollod. ii. 8. 2), Third
invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidae. Repelled by the Argive king Tisamenus, and their
leader Aristomachus son of Cleodaeus, slain.
Not earlier than lo io B. C., the city of Cumae South of the Troad founded by a Second expedition
of Aeolian Greeks : assembled under Cienes and Malaus at the time of the First expedition, but
delayed in sailing at Locris — (Strab. xiii. i. 3). Aeolian settlements were extended on the North
coast of the Troad along the Propontis as far as the half-way promontory by Archelaus or Echelaus,
son of Penthilus and grandson of Orestes.
1006 B. C. ( = [037 y. 240^1 d. — “ 40 y e a r s ” of ten lunations of i K. ii. 11, and i Chron. xxix.
27), David succeeded by his son Solomon,-third Jewish king. Solomon is historically mentioned
and called “ king of Jerusalem” by the Greek writers Dius, and Menander Ephesius (Jos. a. j. viii.
3. I , and c. A . i. 18).
-N U