h
4 .
». ) '
f
e- ,
1
■fk.
v
- i ' '
•? '
A
■ A-in < :
F
y ^
■ . I . ' / " . 1
■à
- ft ,*>■ •
- i f . ■*.
J
1
O V - . .
i
h 4
1; , - '^4 I r ó s i
1
^ 7 »
1 -
I
i ii
. /
1 t
6oo CH R O N O L O G IC A L A R R A N G E M E N T
“ 618 A. D. = Avoii-te,’ 1st year of Kao-tsou IL , head of the new dynasty of the T h a n g ” —
(Chinese chron. table).
“ 622, July i6th, Fr ida y ” (Blair, and Nicoh), the H e j i r a , or Mohammedan Era. The flight of
Mohammed from Mecca to Medina on the “ 68th d a y ” afterward, is fixed to “ Sept. 21st, fourteen
days before the 12th year of Heraclius was ended” (Clint.). A t this time, Oman under the rule of
Habkar and Abd, descendants of Julanda (AbulfecL, and Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. 7).
“ The same y e a r ” (Theophan., and Clint.), successful campaign of Heraclius, as far as Armenia,
where his army wintered. Georgius Pisides accompanying this expedition.
“ 623, April 20th ” (Theophan., and Clint.), Heraclius and his army entering Persia. At the end
of the campaign he wintered in Albania.
The poet Ascha on his way to join Mohammed induced by the Koreisch tribe to change his
purpose— (De Sacy chrest.).
P lu m i e r e i s g € 7i .................of Burmah. The “ lances of Alkhat t ” mentioned by Ascha, — Djewliari,
and in the Kamous, and the letter of the Karmatians to the Egyptian sultan, made according to De
Sacy at Alkhatt on the coast of Bahrein from wood imported from India. The “ myet-hna-ban ” tree
was observed by Mason p. 543 not uncommon at Tavoy, the “ timber*possessing the properties of
lancewood” and called in commerce T e fia s s e r Í77¡ U u ic ew o o d . A kind of wood called “ myet-hna-ban”
was found by Berdmore “ used in making furniture, bows, etc.”
“ 624 A. D. ” (Theophan., Cedren., and Clint.), after a victory, Heraclius and his army winter in
the enemy’s country.
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d. ii. p. 404), the remaining portion of the Greek dominions in Spain and
on the opposite coast of Africa appropriated by the Gothic king Suinthila.
“ 625, Ma r ch” (Theophan., and Clint.), Heraclius and his army crossing the Euphrates. After
this campaign, he wintered near the Halys.
“ 626 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicoh), at Rome, Bonifacius the fifth succeeded by Honorius, fifth archbishop.
Who is “ accused by the Greeks of favouring the Monothelites.”
“ July 29th” (Geo. Pisid., Theophan., and Cl int ) , Constantinople assaulted by Slaves, Huns,
Scythians, Bulgarians, and Medes, all in alliance with the Persian king; the assault continued “ ten”
days, the enemy retiring on “ Friday, Aug. 8th.” Heraclius absent for three years, had planned tlie
defence by letter ; and invited the Chazars or Eastern Turks, who passing the Caspian Gates now
enter Persia.
“ 627 A. D. — ‘ tching-kouan,’ ist year of Tai-tsoung, of the Thang ” or Fifteenth dynasty (Chinese
chron. table). A treatise by this emperor, on the art of government, is extant.*
“ In or about this year (— beginning of the years tching-kouan,” Remus, i. 84), Fou-nan annexed
by Cha-li-yi-kin-na, king of Cambodia.
“ 628, Feb. 28th” (Chron. Pasch., and Clint.), Chosroes II. slain. Succeeded by Siróes as Persian
king. The war with Persia having now terminated, Heraclius and his army returned in the “ 7th
y e a r ” to Constantinople.
Death of Chosroes, the latest historical fact recorded by Theophylactus S imo cat taf— (Yule
cathay i. p. li).
“ May 15th, in the eighteenth year of Heraclius” (Clint, iii. p. 594), end of the Paschal Chronicle.
“ 629 A. D . ” (Clint.), Siróes succeeded by Adeser as Persian k in g ; and before the close of the
year, by Toorandokht.
“ The same y e a r ” (Theophan,, Eutych., Clint, and Plate in Sm. b d.), Fleraclius on his way to
Jerusalem met by an ambassador from Mohammed, and summoned to embrace the new religion. As
a matter of condescension, Heraclius entered into,a treaty of friendship : — which was soon broken by
the Arabs.
“ In this y e a r ” (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Soui-ko succeeded by Zio-mei, grandson of Bin-dats and
now thirty-fifth dairo of Japan.
Other plants suitable for making paper discovered in Japan as early perhaps as this year, as the
* M a g 7io l ia y u l a i i of China. The yu-lan began to be cultivated under the Thang dynasty, — is
mentioned by Han-pao-tcheng, and Li-chi, and under the Ming dynasty was brought from the South
to Pekin; its buds are preserveci, and are used medicinally, also to season rice (Cibot in mem.
Chin. iii. 443). Transported to Europe, is described by Desfontaines, Correa, and Salisbury: and
from Europe, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens in our Middle States.
f C u p r e s s u s p a t u la of Japan. The “ nodding cypresses ” lining the banks of the two great rivers
flowing through Khubdan (Singanfu in the Chinese province of Shensi), described to Theophylactus
vii. 9, — may be compared : C. patula is described by Thunberg 265 as observed by him in Japan
(Pers., and Steud.).
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . ÓOI
“ kaji” (B r o u s s o i i e t ia k a j i - 7io - k i , S.) “ but seldom used n ow ; ” the “ gampi W i c k s t r o e 77i ia ca7iesce7is
Meisn., or P a s s em 7za g a i f tp i, S. and Z.) ” yielding “ a fibre of particular beauty and fineness, used
mostly for the best writing and printing paper ;” the “ xmX?,m'AA\.A{Edgewoyihia p a p y r i fe 7 'a , S. and Z.); ”
the “ karasz-sugi, a kind of C r y p t o u i e i l a “ a sort of wild cherry (P s e u d o - c e r a s u s ) the “ kawa-
yanagi ( S a l i x J a p o 7i ic d ) ; ” the “ hanzi (L e s p e d e z a cy 7'to b o tr ia , Miq.) ; ” and the “ niga-ki (P ic r a s 7 7 ia
a i la 7tth o id e s . Planch.); the bark of all these trees and shrubs” used — (Jap. centen. comm. 84).
“ 630 A. D . ” (Theophan., Cedren., Zonar., and Clint.), Fleraclius at Hierapolis, conferring with
Athanasius the Jacobite patriarch.
“ 631, Apr. 9th (=: 219 years of the Naci — 73 series of 3 years,” Percev. i. 413), commencement
of the loth year of the Hejra, in which the Naci Era was abolished by Mohammed.
“ 632 A. D . ” (R. H. Major in soc. Haki., and Gildem. p. 43), three years after leaving home,
the Chinese traveller Fliouen-thsang entering Guzerat; where Dhruvasena or Dhruvabhatta was
reigning, the successor of Sridharasena IE — and predecessor of Sridharasena III . He returned
to China in “ 645” after an absence of “ seventeen years ” in the Western countries, principally in
Hindustan.
S 77i i l a x chiTia of China, Corea, and Japan. Called in commerce chÍTia-7'o o t (Lindl.), in Japan
“ sankira” or “ bakats” or usually “ kuakuara” (Thunb.); and the “ fo-ling ” known to Hiouen-Thsang
10 *— is referred here by Stanislas Julien : S. cliina was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in
Japan, growing about Papenberg and Kosido, ancl employed medicinally ; is known to grow also 111
Corea (chin, geogr. transl. Klapr.) ; and in “ wild places in China among fern and brambles,’’ its root
eaten by the Chinese as invigorating (Lindl.). Westward, the imported root first became known in
Europe “ in 1535” (C. Bauhin pin. ) ; is mentioned by Vesahus, Amatus Lusitanus, Garcias, Mo-
nardes, and Linschoten ; continues lo be sold in the drug-shops of Europe (Lindl.) ; and was observed
by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., employed medicinally in Egypt.
“ June 8th” (Abulf., and Clint.), death of Mohammed. Fie was succeeded on the same day by
Abubekr; and the proposed expedition into Syria was delayed a month.
N a g e ta A r a b i c a of the mountains of Yemen. Called there “ katam,” in which we recognize the
“ katam ” employed with henné for staining himself by Abubekr — (Desverg. arab.) : the “ katam ” is
mentioned also by Abu Hanifa, Gafeki, and Ebn Baitar; and N. Arabica was observed on the mountains
of Yemen by Forskal p. 159.
“ June i6 th ” (Blair, and Clint, iii. p. 368 and iv. p. 240), E r a o f Y a z d e je r d , “ 3624 days after the
Flejira;” commemorating the accession of Yazdejerd I I I . as Persian king.
“ 633, Aug. I 2 t h ” (letter of Khaled to Abubekr, and Clint.), battle at Ajnadin in Syria, gained by
the Muslims under Khaled.
One hundred and forty-eighth generation. May ist, 634, onward mostly beyond youth: the
Jewish writer, Abu Hafsa Jezid of Yemen: the Greek mathematician Stephanus; the ecclesiastical
writers Maximus Confessor, and Eligius ; the poet and historian Georgius Pisides (Blair) ; the Greek
writer Theophilus Protospatbarius ; Hadrianus bishop in Scotland; Esaias the abbot; Dado or
Audoenus.
“ Aug. 23d” (Blair, and Clint.), Damascus captured by the Muslims, and on the same day, death
of Abu-bekr. He was succeeded as khalif by Omar; who is supposed {Wilkinson theb. and eg.
P- 533) to Yavq used the Persian Sasanid dies for his coi/is, adding his own name.
635 A. D. = “ 9th year of the ‘ tching-kouan’ of Tai-tsoung” (inscript. at Si-ngan-fou, Pauth.
297, and \ule cath.), Christianity brought into China by a Nestorian named 0 -lo-pen — (compare
Ulpianus). The sacred books were translated into Chinese ; and a decree in favour of the new
religion obtained from Taï-tsoung three years later is preserved in the same Inscription.
“ November ” (Clint.), in Syria, Hems or Emesa besieged by the Muslims under Abu Obeidah,
•and a truce granted to Fleraclius for a year.
“ In this (— 14 A. FL comm. Feb. 24th) or the followung year ” (Gildem. p. 36), Basra on the
Euphrates near its entrance into the Persian Gulf, founded by khalif Omar.
* S m i l a x la 7ice c e foU a of the Eastern frontier of Bengal. Called in Flindustanee gootea-shookchina”
(Lindl.) ; and probably the species seen by Fliouen-Thsang, — for the root according to Roxburgh
is not to be distinguished from china-root, and is much used by the natives, the juice of the
fresh tuber taken inwardly and the refuse applied externally in rheumatism (Lindl., and Drur.).
S / n t t a x g la b r a of Sylhet and the Garrow country on the frontier of Bengal. Called in Hindustanee
“ hurina” or “ hurina-shook-china ” (Lindl.) ; and possibly also seen by Hiouen-Thsang : — its
root according to Roxburgh is not to be distinguished by the eye from china-root, and al the present
day is used in decoction by the natives of Sylhet and the Garrow country in sores and venereal complaints
(Lindl, and Drur.).
» il
i : I ■
, 0 .