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bvMac Gowan, around the “ base of hills from Cochinchina to Yellow river” (Royle fibr.); by
Kaempfer, and Thunberg, growing abundantly in Southern Japan ; by Blanco, frequent in Northern
Luzon ■ is known to occur on Celebes and Borneo, and its fibres are exported from Sumatra ; accordin
» to Mason v. 519,13 “ exotic” in Burmah, cultivated around Ava and recently in Tavoy ; was
observed by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight, under cultivation in Hindustan, the fibrre accOTdmg to
Lankester “ second to none in strength and beauty ” are “ used throughout the East for making textile
fabrics ” (Drur.). Transported to Europe, was thence according to Ciot-Bey introduced by the
way of France into Egypt, where it is now successfully cultivated.
“ 1297 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. Respecting an anathema pronounced by the
patriarch Athanasius against the emperor.
“ In this year (= 697 A. H.” of Ferisht, Elph.), by Sultan Ala-u-din of Delhi, Guzerat conquered,
and now placed under Muslim government.
“ The same year ” (rudim. chron. Lond.), in England, king Edward compelled to a solemn confirmation
of Magna Charta ; with the addition, That no ia.r shall be levied without the courent of the
knights, citizens, and burgesses, assembled in parliament. Regarded as the origin of the present
constitution of parliament. ' , 1 • 1
“ 129S A. D.” (Blair), on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus in Bithynia, the Greek armies-defeated
by Osman or Othman. Regarded as the beginning of -the Turkish empire ; a new phase in
the progress of the Muslims. , , . t, 1 i
“ Before the close of the 13th century (= a patrum memoria ” of Petrarch, Major edit. Bethenc.),
Lancerote, one of the Canary Islands, visited by Lancelote Malocello, a Genoese. A castle said to
have been built by him — continued extant in the days of Bethencourt 32. ,,, i >i
Plocama Jendula of the Canary Islands. A. Rubiaceous plant called in Guanche balo
(Webb), and known from early times. — Transported to Europe, descnbed by Alton 1. 292, and
L. . sp. of the Canary Islands. Called there “ joriada” (Webb), and known
from early times. B. sericeum, with a tree-like trunk, — is known to grow on Teneriffe (Pers.) : and
from transported specimens is described by the younger Linnæus.
Canarina campanula of the Canary Lslands. A sort of bell-flower called in Guanche ’ bica-
caro ” (Webb), and known from early times. Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim.
pl. 276, and Linnæus. Visnea mocanera of the Canary Islands. Called in Guanche “ mocan ’ (Webb), and known
from early times ; —growing in mountain woods (Pers.). From transported specimens, described by
Linnæus the younger, and Jussieu. _ ^ „ . , .,. , Convolvulus floridus of the Canary Islands. A shrubby prostrate species full of beautiful flowers,
called in Guanche “ guaydil ” (Webb), and known from early times ; - growing on the roc£ of
Teneriffe (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by Linnæus the younger, and Jacquin pl. 34.
Digilalis Canariensis of the Canary Islands. Called there “ nota (gnota),” and known from
early limes — (Webb). Received from the Canaries (Pers.), is described by Plukenet aim. pl. 525,
Commelyn hort. ii. pl. 53, and Linnæus. , „ . „ 6 „a Cneorum pulverulentum of the Canary Islands. Called in Guanche onxama (Web£, a£
known from early times growing on Teneriffe (Pers.). Transported to Europe, described by
Linnæus, and Ventenat hort. cels. pl. 77. g, t- • • * u „
“ 1299 A. D.” (art de verif.), Fusimi succeeded by his son Fusimi II. or Go-husimi, now at tne
age of eleven dairo of Jajran.
“ The same year ” (Nicol), a synod at Constantinople. Convened by the emperor Andronicus
II T o annul the m arriage of his nephew. T he m arriage was notw ithstanding declared valid.
Corchorus capsularis of Tropical Eastern Asia. An annual erect plant eaten as a potherb like
C olitorius, and having the same Sanscrit name “ putta,” called in Bengalee “ put ” (Royle) or ghi-
nalita pat ” (Drur.), in Tagalo “ pasao na bilog ” (Blanco) ; and the xafexov, so called according to
Actuarius from its involved capsules, and employed by him medicinally — (Ruel 11. 5), may be compared
• C. capsularis was seen in Hindustan by Rumphius v. pl. 78 ; by Graham, “ common in Boin-
bay springing up in gardens and cultivated grounds,” by Nimmo farther North and South “ in bo 11
Concans ; ” by Wight, in other parts of the peninsula ; and by Roxburgh, and Royle, extensively
cultivated especially in Bengal for its fibres caWeà jute, of which gunny bags are made. Farther East
by Mason v. 521 “ a common weed ” in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous ; is known to be cu tivaten
in China; and was observed by Blanco on the Philippines. Transported to Europe, is described by
Plukenet aim. pl. 255. -c ■ rniT
“ 1300 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicol.), the “ jubilæum” instituted by jrope Bonifacius Viu-
Commencing the year “ at Christmas, which custom was followed by nearly all hiS successors in tie
Fourteenth century ” (see above).
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“ As early as this date ” (German archieologists, ancl Bryan diet, paint.), playing-cards in use in
Europe.
“ In or about this year ” (Velasco, and Markh. edit. G. de la Vega 1!. p. 348), Caran succeeded
by Duchicala now twelfth scyri of Quito.
One hundred and sixty-eighth generation. Jan. ist, 1301, onward mostly beyond youth : the Persian
writer Munsur Mohammed wr. 1300 (Ainsl.) : the Jewish writers, Isaac Israeli ben Joseph,
Jacob ben Machir, Esthori Parchi, Isaac Lattas ben Jehuda, Kalonymos, Benjamin ben Jehuda: the
Greek writers, Manuel Philes, Nicephorus Callistus d. after 1327, Thomas Magister d. 1310, Pachy-
nieses cl. after 1310, Maximus Planudes d. after 1327: Marsilius Patavinus, Dante: Nicolaus Alexandrinus;
Bernard de Gordon;. Ermengaud Blasius: the scholastic theologians, J. Duns Scotus,
Augustinus de Ancona, Alanus, Petrus Aureolus, Antonius Andrese, Durandus a. s. Portiano, Her-
v<eus Natalis, and Franciscus Mayronis : the botanists, Albertus de Saxonia, and Petrus Apono d.
1314 (Pouch.) : the painter Giotto d. 1336.
“ The same year ” (Schouw. xii.), a lava-stream issuing on the isle of Ischia in the bay of Naples.
“ In or about this year” (Steinschneid. ii. 12), short dissertations by various celebrated Christian
writers, translated into Hebrew by Jehuda ben Moses of Rome ; to show his brethren, “ That
the Christian nation is not destitute of all true Science.”
“ In this year (= 5th of the ‘ ta-té ’ of the Yuan dynasty,” geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr.), a military
government together with a naval station established on Tan-lo or Quelpaerts Island.
“ 1302 A. D.” (art de verif.), abdication of Fusimi II. in favour of Nidsio II. or Go-Nidsio,
eldest son of Gouda, and now dairo of Japan.
“ Apr. loth ” (Nicol), a synod at Paris. Convened by Philip IV. le Bel, who had imprisoned the
bishop of Pamiers ; On a Bull “ in favour of that prelate ” sent by pope Bonifacius V III.
“ Oct. 30th ” (Nicol.), a synod at Rome. Philip IV. le Bel was threatened by the pope. And
the decretal “ Unam Sanctam ” was composed ; tending to prove, “ That the pope possesses the right
of appointing, correcting, and deposing sovereigns.”
“ 1303, March 12th ” (Nicol), a synod at Paris; and the pope “ accused of heresy, simony, and
other crimes.” In another synod “ June 13th,” the accusation was repeated; and “ before September,”
upwards of “ seven hundred acts of appeal, consent, and adhesion, from ecclesiastical bodies,
bishops, and others ” were obtained by Philip IV. le Bel.
“ In this year” (Markham edit, note p. 92), the city of Sultanieh in Persia founded by Mohammed
Khodah Bundah, of the house of Jenghiz and the first Persian ruler of the sect of Ali.
Periploca Grceca of the Tauro-Caspian countries. A woody-stemmed climber called in Greece
“ galaxitha” (Sibth.), by the Russians “ svidina,” and known from early times, — observed by Sokolof
along the Kouma within sight of Caucasus (Pall. trav. v. 218) ; by Sibthorp, in hedges in Bithynia
and on mount Athos ; is known to occur also in Syria (Pers.). Transported West, is described by
Gesner, Matthioli, Lobel, Camerarius, C. Bauhin, and Tournefort inst. 93. Was observed by Osbeck
on the seashore near Canton; aud clearly by European colonists was carried to Northeast America,
where escaping from cultivation it has been observed by myself seemingly wild near Salem, and
according to A. Gray also “ near Rochester ” N. Y.
“ Aug. i 5th (= 3d moharram A. H. 733” of Abul Fazl Orient, transl. lond.), the fortress of
Chaitur captured by sultan .Ala-ad-din of Delhi. “ The non-military inhabitants having refrained
from taking any share in the defence, were permitted to remain secure from slaughter.” Ferishta
places the event in “ A. H. 703 ” = 1303 (Elph.).
“ Oct. 22d ” (Nicol), Bonifacius V III. succeeded by cardinal Nicolas Bocasi, now Benedictus X.,
thirty-eighth pope. Albertus of Austria ruling Germany and Italy. The dispute with Philip IV. le
Bel was amicably terminated by pope Benedictus X.
“ 1304 A. D.” (Crawfurd vii. 11), the island of Ternate visited by Javanese and Malays to procure
cloves, and many of them settle there.
“ 1305, June 15th” (Alst., and Nicol), after an interval of “ eleven months,” Benedictus X. succeeded
by Bertrand de Goth archbishop of Bordeaux, now Clemens V., thirty-ninth pope.
“ Sept, 15th to Oct. 5th ” (Nicol), a synod in London. Convened by king Edward, “ To consider
the means of establishing a lasting peace between England and Scotland.”
The writings of Arnoldus de Villanova condemned to be burned by the Inquisition at Tarragona,
but accepted and praised by pope Clemens V. — (Pouchet). Arnoldus died “ in 1312.”
Dianthus carthusianorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A pink included in the
tu n iC K h e rb K o f Arnoldus, — and others (Fuchs., and Caesalpinus vi. 44) : D. carthusianorum
is described by Brunfels ii. 58, and Fuchsius jrl. 352 (Spreng); is termed “ carj’ophyllus sylvestris
vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst. 333 ; and is known to grow from 55° in Russia as far as France, but
uot in the more humid climate, of Scandinavia and Britain (Vill, All, Scop., and A. Dec.); was
observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus ; by D’Urville, in the