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Probably in “ the second half of the fifth century B. C .” (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the
temple to Neptune at Pæstum in Italy. — The temple there to Ceres, is referred “ at the earliest” to
“ the second century B. C.”
“ 446-5 B. C.” (Plut. malign. 26, and Euseb. p. 169), Herodotus reading his historical work at
the Panathenaea at Athens.
The Arabs are mentioned by Herodotus iii. 8 as worshipping Dionysus (the god of Sinai) under
the name of OYPOTAA (Allabou-Taala” God supreme), and Uranie under the name of AAIAAT
(Al-alihat” subordinate divinities, Pococke, and Percev. i. 74).
The KEATOI or Celts inhabiting Western Europe, are mentioned by Herodotus ii. 33, — Ephippus,
Ephorus, Alexis, Polybius, Strabo, Arrian, and others.
The “ K P 0 B Y 8 0 I on the I s te r ” mentioned by Herodotus iv. 49 — are regarded by Talvi as
probably the Krivitshi; a Slavonian tribe now within the limits of Russia; the “ Krôvuzôi ” and
other Slavi are mentioned by Slrabo vii. 6. 5, Pomponius Mela, Pliny, Tacitus, and Claudius Ptolemy
iii. 10. The Slavonians are distinctly described and named by Jornandes, Procopius, Menander, and
the abbot John of Biclar; and towards the close of the Eleventh century, are found “ in possession,
partly as masters and partly as servants, of the whole vast extent of territory which they now occupy ; ”
being very nearly half of Europe.
The MAP A TAOS of Herodotus ii. 44, — or “ smaragthos ” of Plato phæd. n o , and Cosmas
Indicopleustes xi. p. 339, is admitted to be the emerald; derived of course from the emerald mines
of Upper Egypt.
The sturgeon of the large rivers of Southern Russia is mentioned by Herodotus iv. 53, together
with the drying or salting of its flesh. — Isinglass or fish-glue “ ihthuôcôlla,” probably obtained
from the sturgeon, is described by Dioscorides, Pliny xxxii. 24, and Aelian.
Nymphoea lotus of Tropical Eastern Asia. A white water-lily called in Egypt “ naufar”
(Forsk.) or “ bachenyn el-khanzyr ” (Del.) : during the inundation of the Nile, according to Herodotus
ii. 92, a KPINON called by the Egyptians Ai iTOi makes its appearance in immense quantities
and the root and seeds are collected and eaten ; nothing is said about the colour of the flowers, —
but the white-flowered “ lô tô s ” of Egypt having a rounded edible root as large as a quince is mentioned
by Theophrastus iv. 9 to 11, and Dioscorides ; the “ bisnin el-hanziri ” is distinguished by Ebn
Baitar ; and its root, though extremely similar, is according to Delile pl. 60 considered inferior to
that of the blue-flowered kind (see N. ccerulea) : N. lotus was also observed by Alpinus, and Forskal,
in Lower Egypt, but to the end of my journey I met with no traces of a living Nymphæa, being as
was alleged in the wrong season. N. lotus was observed by Beauvois pl. 78 in Equatorial Africa
as far as the Atlantic ; was carried also to a lake in Hungary before the days of Waldstein and
Kitaibel pl. 15. The leaves are described by Sprengel as downy underneath, agreeing therefore with
the “ N. pubescens ” called “ koee ” or “ kummul ” according to Graham in the environs of Bombay,
and “ very common throughout the Concans during the rains; ” observed there by myself, by Rheede
xi. pl. 26 in Malabar, by Roxburgh ii. p. 577, and Wight 57, in other parts of Plindustan ; by Mason,
in Burmah and called “ kya-phyoo;” known to grow also on Java and the Moluccas (Rumph. vi.
p. 172, and A. Dec.).
Aeschynomene aspera of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Perennial, floating, and called in Malabar
“ attekudasa,” in Tamil “ attoonette,” in Bengaiee “ phool-sola,” in Hindustanee “ sb o la ” or “ to la ”
(Dru r .); and the $AOINHN or <I>AOYN of India, harvested according to Herodotus iii. 98 from
the river, beaten and woven like basket-work into the form of a corselet, and worn by the fishermen,
— may be compared : Ae. aspera was received by Breynius cent, p l 52 from India (Pers.) ; is termed
“ hedysarum lagenarium” by Roxburgh iii. 365, was observed by him abundant in the marshes in
Bengal, and the borders of jheels and lakes between Calcutta and Hurdwar; by Wight, and Drury,
“ in tanks and lakes ” in the peninsula, the pith “ much used for the manufacture of hats, bottle-cases,
and similar articles, it being a bad conductor of heat,” is also made up into “ fishing-floats,” and
is gathered “ in April and May.” Westward, the “ so lah” of India was observed by Grant in
Equatorial Africa, in marshes generally and called “ m’pæcee,” seven feet high, affording “ floats
for nets.”
Hibiscus {Abelmoschus') esculentus of Equatorial Africa. The okro or gom bo is called in Burmah
“ yung-ma-dæ” (Mason), in Bengalee “ dhenroos,” in Tamil “ venclay,” in Malabar “ vendah,” in
Telinga “ benda,” in Hindustanee “ bhindi” or “ ramturi ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay
“ bendy” or “ ram toorai ” (Graham), in Nubia “ djyoundou” (Del.), in Congo and Angola “ quillobo”
(Piso), in Yemen and Egypt “ bamia” (Forsk.), in Greece “ vamiës” (Bory); and the plant growing
according to Herodotus iii. too spontaneously in India, its capsule with the “ k e gh rôs’’-like seeds
cooked and eaten, — may be compared ; A. esculentus was observed by Loureiro in Anam ; by Mason
“ exotic ” in Burmah; by Moon, on Ceylon; by Roxburgh, Wight, Gibson, Graham, and Drury,
throughout Hindustan, “ a most useful esculent, and much cultivated,” used also medicinally as emollient
and demulcent; but according to Piddington, has no Sanscrit name. Westward, the “ bamiat”
is mentioned by Abu’l Abbas Nebati, Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar: A. esculentus was observed by
Forskal under cultivation in Yemen; by myself, the fruit in market at Mocha; by Schweinfurth iii.
to vi, wild on the Upper Nile as well as cultivated by the Bongo; is known to be cultivated in Western
Equatorial Africa (fl. Nigr.) ; was observed by Alpinus, Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation
in E g yp t; by Forskal, and Bory, cultivated also in Asia Minor and Greece; and was already known
to Matthioli pL, and Lobel p l Through European colonists, was carried from Africa to Brazil
before 1658 (Piso ii. 31); reached Surinam before 1686 (Commelyn, and A. Dec.), the West Indies
before the days of Sloane, and continues under frequent cultivation in our Southern States.
The OPf lEMPAIOI living peaceably at the base of high mountains, appealed to in disputes
among the neighbouring tribes, wearing the Scythian dress but having a peculiar language, flat-nosed
with a large chin and said to be bald from birtli both men and women, clearly belong to the Mongolian
Race.
Cerasuspadus of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bird cherry
(Prior), in France “ merisier” (A. Dec.), and Erman on tlie Ural found an edible preparation made
of the fruit by the Baschkirs and called “ a tsch u i;” in wliich we recognize the ASX Y made by the
Orgiempaei of fruit of a tree called PONTIKON, according to Herodotus iv. 23. — Westward, C.
padus occurs in remnants of the fruit among debris of the early lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon);
and is known to grow wild in middle Europe (M ill, Engl. bot. pl. 1383, and Lam. fl. fr.). Abounds
according to Lindley “ in the oil of bitter almonds, and consequently is a dangerous poison.” (See
Larix Europæa).
Acacia Stephaniana of the shores of the Caspian. The “ ashu ” — is however referred here by
Breyn, and Sprengel gesch. 88: A. Stephaniana is described by Buxbaum, and is known to grow
about the Caspian.
Pistacia lentiscus of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. The mastich tree is
called in France “ lentisque” (Fée), in Italy “ lentiscio ” or “ lentischio” (Lenz), in Greece “ shinos”
(Sibth.); in which we recognize the SXINOS of Herodotus iv. 177, — mentioned as a tree by
Tlieophrastus ix. 4. 7, and Dioscorides: gum mastich “ mastihe” is mentioned as its product by
Theophrastus ix. i. 2, procured according to Dioscorides of the best quality on Chios ; as to the
present day, and in especial repute among the Arabs (Tourn. trav., Niebuhr p. 144, and Spreng.) :
P. lentiscus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in dry stony soil from the
Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Palestine (Pers.) ; and may
have been once cultivated in Egypt, for Egyptian “ mastihe ” is mentioned by Galen, and Paulus of
Aegina; was seen by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the “ lentiscus” is mentioned
by Cato vii, Ovid, Columella, Palladius; and by Cicero, and Pliny xviii. 61, as cultivated in
Italy: P. lentiscus is termed “ 1. vulgaris” by Tournefort inst. 580; is known to grow in Istria and
Italy (Lenz), abounding on Sicily, and was observed by Fée frequent in Spain. The “ sweet fragrant
stimulant resin called mastich,” as appears from Lindley, continues to be employed “ to
strengthen and preserve the teeth,” much as in the days of Lucian lexiph. p. 191. (See Atractylis
gummifera).
Rubia tinctorum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain madder, in Old English
“ madyr,” from confusion with the coccus insect (Prior), in France “ garance” (A. Dec.), in Italy
“ robbia” (Lenz), in Greece “ rizari ” (Sibth.) or by the Turks “ a lisa ri” (Fraas). in Yemen “ fiia ”
(Forsk.), in Egypt “ fo u ah ” (D e l) , in Egyptian “ sôphôvi ” (Syn. Diosc.): in which we recognize
the “ rubiam” identified through Pliny with the EP EY GEAANO used for dyeing a cloak worn
by Lybian women in the days of Herodotus iv. 189, — and in the days of Dioscorides cultivated in
Caria: the “ ëruthrothanôn ” prescribed in Vict. acut., Steril. p. 20, i Mul. morb., and by Nicander,
may also be compared, two kinds being enumerated as medicinal by Dioscorides : cloth dyed with
madder has been found around Egyptian mummies ; and “ phoua ëruthrôn ” is mentioned by Philon
Judaeus r. div. her. 491 : R. tinctorum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas,
from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople, and under cullivaiion in
and around Attica; by Delile, and CIot-Bey, under cultivation in E g yp t; by Forskal, under cultivation
on the mountains of Yemen ; but the living plant seems unknown in Hindustan, where according
to Graham “ madder is imported at Bombay from the Red Sea.” Westward from Greece, the
“ ëruthrôthanôn” is enumerated by Dioscorides as occurring at Ravenna in Italy, and in the added
Synonyms is identified with the “ lappa minôr ” of the Tuscans, and “ rouvia passiva ” o f the Romans ;
the “ rubia ” abundantly cultivated in Italy, is mentioned by Pliny xix. 17 to xxiv. 56 ; the “ warentia,”
in the capitularia of Charlemagne; and the “ vermiculum,” in “ an Anglo-Saxon manuscript of the
Ihirteenlli century” (Mayer and Wriglit 139, and Prior): R. tinctorum is termed “ r. tinctorum
sativa” by Tournefort inst. 114; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; is known to grow wild
in Southern France as well as in Italy (Pers,, Bert. fl. ii. 146, and Lenz) ; and its cultivation re-
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