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“ phnsalitha ” or “ kalHatha ” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ kukölitha ” of the Dacians,
and “ vissikalis ” of the Romans; and the “ halicacabum” or “ callion ” or “ vesicariam,” having a
large berry within a large follicle, is further described by Pliny as ripening in November : P. alkekengi
is described by Christophorus de Honestis, and Matthioli ; is termed “ alkekengi officinarum ” by
Tournefort inst. 151 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy, and is known to occur on dikes as far
as Germany (Scop., Moench, and Pers.). Eastward from the Mediterranean, is attributed by
Persoon to Japan. The plant according to Lindley “ is diuretic and employed in veterinary
practice.”
Solanum miniatum of Tropical Africa or Asia. Called in France “ morelle ” (Nugent), in
Italy “ solatro” or “ solano” (Lenz), in Greece “ skilöstaphilö,” in Egypt “ enab eddib ” wolf grape,
in Yemen “ mesælleha” (Forsk.), in Egyptian “ pëlëmôn ” (Kirch.) or “ allëlô” (Syn. Diosc.); in
which we recognize the “ solanum” identified by Celsus with the “ strychnon ” of the Greeks (Plin.
xxvii. 108) ; and from the above remark of Dioscorides iv. 72, probably the kind affording the “ struh-
nou ” juice of Int. affect. 30 :— the “ struhnos” is enumerated as edible by Polemon diaet, ii. 12;
the “ struhnos ëthôthimôs,” as if “ êmërôn” and having berried fruit, is mentioned by Theophrastus
vii. 15. 4, and according to Dioscorides the berries become either black or yellowish; “ truhna”
are mentioned by Theocritus x. 37 ; the “ strychnum ” is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the
esculent plants of Egypt; and the “ inab el-dubb” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar; S. miniatum was
observed by Forskal, and Delile, springing up spontaneously from Cairo to Alexandria, the "berries
eaten crude ; by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste places from the Peloponnesus
to Constantinople. Westward, the “ struhnos këpaiôs ” or “ êmërôn” is identified in Syn.
Diosc. with the “ astrësmôunim ” of the Numidians, “ skôuvôulôiim ” of the Gauls, and “ strôumôum ”
or “ kôukôuvalôum ” of the Romans; by Pliny xxvii. 44, with the “ struinum” or “ cuculi : ” the
maurellam ” is mentioned by Macer Floridus 60, and the “ morella ” or “ solatrum ” or “ uva vulpis ”
in Ortus Sanitatis pl. 455 : S. miniatum is termed “ s. officinarum acinis nigricantibus et acinis luteis”
by Tournefort inst. 148 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by For.skal near Marseilles ; and is known
to occur in waste places as far as middle Europe (Dill. elth. pi. 274. f. 353, Pers., and Bory).
Southward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal p. 46 among the mountains of Yemen, the bruised
leaves applied in the “ bnlæ ” ulcerous disease ; by Grant, along the Nile from Lat. 28° to the Equator,
and beyond to 4° 18' South, the “ leaves made into spinage.” Eastward, was observed by Rheede
X . pl. 73 in Malabar ; by Graham, “ in gardens pretty common ” around Bombay and called “ ghattee,”
or on the Deccan “ camunee by Roxburgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan, and called
“ anab-al-salib” (the “ inab-el-thalab” of Ebn Baitar); by Mason, in Burmah; by Loureiro i. p.
133, in Anam, the leaves applied externally to cure cancers ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, around
Nagasaki in Japan and called “ tenka” or “ tenkja,” or usually “ nassubi by Blanco, on the Philippines
and called in Tagalo “ cunti” or “ onti ” or “ gamagamatisan,” in Camarines “ cu ti” or “ lubi-
lubi,” in Bisaya.“ lubilubi” or “ iagpacum” or “ bolagtog.” Farther East, was observed by myself
aboriginally introduced on the Feejeean Islands, and clearly by Polynesians carried to New Zealand,
to the Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Islands, everywhere naturalized, occurring in wild situations,
the berries edible and the plant two feet or more high : may therefore be the species seen by J. D.
Hooker on the Galapagos Islands, and the “ yerva mora o solatrum like that of Spain” found by
Oviedo already in the West Indies. Probably by European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius
Islands, where it occurs in clearings (Boj., and A. Dec.), but according to Graham is besides cultivated
as a potherb and called “ brede.” (See S. nigrum, and S. Aetliiopicum).
Arum maculatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wake robin
or cuckoo-pintle, in a manuscript of the Fourteenth century “ kokok-pyntel ” (Prior), in Greece
“ thrakôntia” (Sibth.) or “ arôn mikra thraköuntia” (Fraas); in which we recognize the “ thrakôntias
mikras” of Cratevas (Anguill.), and Dioscorides: the A PA KON TION prescribed in Int. affect.
I ,— and termed “ preu ” mild in Steril. 17, maybe compared: A. maculatum was observed by Sibthorp,
and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands; by Anguillara, its
root cooked and eaten in .Albania, and in Slavonia made into a kind of bread (Spreng.). Westward,
is described by Bauhin (Pers.) ; is termed “ a. vulgare ” by Tournefort inst. 158 ; was observed by
Lenz in Italy ; is known to grow in Barbary (Lindl.) and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark
(fl. Dan. pl. 505, Lam. fi. fr, and Curt. lond. ii. pl. 63). The crude tubers according to Lindley
“ are stimulant, diaphoretic and expectorant,” and a nutritious substance manufactured from them on
tlie island of Portland is called Portland sago.
Arum Italicum of the Mediterranean countries. A larger species called in Italy “ lengua de
b o ” or -‘ a ro ” (Lenz); and possibly the “ thrakôntiôn” of Int. affect, — and Steril. : the “ thrakontia
é të ra ” is described by Dioscorides as two cubits high with great ivy-like leaves spotted with white,
its root eaten either crude or cooked: A. Italicum was observed by Fraas, not rare in the Peloponnesus.
Westward, the cooked root of the “ thrakôntia ë të ra ” is further mentioned by Dioscorides
ro mixed with honey by the Balearic islanders and made into cakes : A. Italicum is d“ / ® / /
Dodoens p 329 (Spreng.) ; was observed by Lenz, not rare m Italy ; is known to p o w a s P ’
? o r S . Southern’ Franie, and as far as Germany (Pers ). By European colonists, was carried to
AYcf- Anierira^ where it has hecome a frequent greenhouse plant. jr i
. . d ,l.= Z i n i . . portion a f A «
1. G erm an, “ h a s en ta .," in F m « « » l* d de lle.re ” (P r,o .),m IW y " p ,e d, lep.e “ > W °
in Creece “ latrônôura ” (Fraa s); and the A A f û n Y P O S according to Ulc. p. 3^9 +
ffi'ied Itate Resembling bran, its small leaf like that of the olive and longer or more elongate, iden o
U d b f G0 “ widi the “ lagônatë vôtanë,” is referred here by writers : T. arvense was observed
£ s S d Z p c Z Z r f , end F ™ , f a , d e . l t o e . C . , e . . d U.e f o f o " “
in Barbary and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden f " / / U / (fl^ Da ■ p .
n nA Hnnk and Wats Y Bv European colonists, was earned before 1547 to the West In (
ZZrZZStZZZ 5 3 S + d “ S o . f o d Fooooe. T,.= fo c P n f o T fo V d dO d
/-ectum hirsutum Iuteum” by Magnol monsp. 2t6; and is known to grow also on the Carpathtans
Z T Ib r Z Z h lT lZ o d lß lr u m of the Mediterranean shores, and beyond as far as Madeira.
i+ r Z + L T Z z t s r d to
L s observed by Forskal on Malta; and is known to grow around the A d r i« c to Lat. 43 , / S
the West coast of Italy to Genoa, also to Marseilles, Corsica, Sardinia, Spain, Barbary, and beyond
the Straits to Portugal, the Canary Islands, and Madeira (A. Dec. ; ^^®® J J P / ! / „ ômvrëla”
Carthamus corymbosus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called n Greece omvr
(Fraas) or “ hamailëôn” (Sibth.), in Egyptian “ sô v ë l” (Syn. DioscO;
U m a i AFQN ■ MEAAS of Ulc. 879, — Theophrastus ix. 12, Nicander, Cratevas growm
according to Dioscorides on dry plains and seaside hills and having + 0 ®^®®/!’ / ® ' / / / / /
flowers leaves varyin<» according to locality, deep green, hoary, bluish, or red . C corymbosus
was ob le rv ed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from *®.
to the Dardanelles, frequent in the situations described by Dioscondes.
mêlas” or “ p a r ta rp ö n ” or “ ôulôphônôn ” or “ ix ian ” or “ kuuomahon or ök moëithës or
“ S h i ô n kôkk"ôn” 0 “ ku nô xu lôiJ is identified in the Syn^ Diosc w r t the +
“ ôuërnilao-0 ” of the Romans : the account by Pliny xxii. 21 and xxvn. 118 of the chameleon niger
or “ uloplTonon ” or “ cynozolon ” seems in part taken from Dioscorides : C.
by Anguillara, and A. Maranta. in Slavonia and Southern Italy (Spreng.);, is ®>“ ®0 ® U
Matthioli comm, p. 49b and is termed “ c. aculeatus carlinæ foho flore multiphci veluti umbellato
T T Z s T 'o T in a le of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain [ / ’P / ,
in Italy “‘ hngua canina” or “ cinoglossa” (Lenz), in Greece ‘‘ g®“ g®0 0 ®+
(S ib th ) ; and the SXEAIAS p r e . s c r i b e d i n U l c . 879 - may be conipared : . J / j / f
by Sibthorp frequent in Greece and on the Greek islands; by 0 0 0
“ cynoglos urn ” or “ lissan-el-kelb ” was found by Forskal mat. med employed / J " / /
and the living C. officinale according to CIot-Bey has recently been introduced. Westward,
“ lingua-caniita” is mentioned by Celsus v. 27; and a kind of “ cynoglossos + 0 0 0 0
minutas,” its root taken in potion against (the poison of) frogs and serpents, j / / ' 0 /
Plinv x i v . 4 . : c . officinale is described by Miraldus, and W. Coles (Pnor) ; is e.me0 a
majus vulgare ” by Tournefort inst. 139; was observed by Lenz frequent m Italy
occur in waste ground throughout middle Europe as far as Dennruk ( . am p . 47.
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues f ® / ^
waste ground from the Saskatchawan (Hook.) to Montreal and North C0 ma
myselfj. The plant according to Lindley “ was once officinal, being used as an antispasmodic, but
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