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I IO C H R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
lias no Sanscrit name (Roxb.), is called in Hindustanee “ chuqandar” (D’roz.), in the environs of
Bombay sometimes “ paIuk” or “ palung,” the red-rooted variety observed by Graham “ commonly
cultivated in g a rd en s :” and farther East, B. vulgaris called “ toodisia” was observed by Thunberg
under cultivation in Japan. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1656 to New England (poem
Bradf. in Hist. coll. iii. p. 77), where as well as throughout our Northern and Middle States it continues
abundantly cultivated; the mangel wtnzel variety, employed for feeding cattle, has also been
introduced, and continues to some extent cultivated. (See B. maritima).
Myrtus communis of the borders of the Persian Gulf. Called in English gardens myrtle, in
France and Germany “ myrte ” (Nugent, and Grieb), in Italy “ mirto ” or “ mortella ” (Lenz), in Greece
“ murtón” or “ mursine” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ a s ” or “ mersyn” (D e l) ; and possibly brought to
Egypt by the Expedition in question — (see Birch) : branches carried by women are figured on a
monument of about this date (Rosselin. ii. 99), aii4 according to Clot-Bey, branches are sold to the
present day and used in festivals by the Jews : the “ mursine” was already in Egypt in the days of
Theophrastus, and Pliny xv. 37; and M. communis was observed there in gardens by Forskal, and
Delile. Farther North, its branches were strewn by Xerxes on his bridge across the Hellespont
(Herodot. vii. 54); were carried in Greek sacrificial processions in the days of Aristophanes vesp.
869; the “ mursine ” or "m u r to s ” is mentioned also by Pherecrates, Euripides, Plato polit. ii. 372,
Philonides, and the “ mursinS e èmèrós ” by Dioscorides : M. communis was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent and seemingly wild from the Peloponnesus throughout óreece and
the Greek islands. Westward, the “ myrtus” is regarded by Pliny xv. 36 as foreign to Italy, first
seen on the tomb of Elpenor, but when Rome was founded growing already on its site ; is mentioned
also by Cato viii. 2, Catullus, Horace, Columella, and as sacred to Venus by Virgil : M. communis
is described by Clusius hist. i. 67; is termed “ m communis italica ” by Tournefort inst. 640 ; was
observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy ; and has become abundantly naturalized throughout the
West Mediterranean countries (Chaubard), but its foliage and mode of flowering indicate Tropical
origin. Eastward from the Mediterranean, was observed by Nearchus in a garden on the North
shore of the Persian Gulf (Arr. ind. 27) ; has no Sanscrit name (A. Dec.), but is called in Hindustanee
“ murd ” or “ a s ” (D'roz.) ; in the environs of Bombay “ belatee mendie ” and observed by Graham
“ in gardens pretty common,” but by myself only in a missionary garden on the Deccan. Farther
East, by Mason, “ e xo tic ” in Burmah. By European colonists, was c.arried to Madeira (Lemann);
and to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in conservatories.
BoswelHaglabra of Tropical Hindustan. A small tree called in the environs of Bombay “ salai ”
or “ salphullie ” and furnishing a portion of “ the gum olibanum of commerce ” (Graham) ; possibly
therefore the “ incense tr e e s ” or frankincense brought by the above Expedition to Egypt — (see
Birch) : the incense-burner is figured in the Asasif, and from this time becomes frequent on the monuments
(Leps. d. iii. pl. 19, 58, 71, and Champoll.-Fijeac pl. 86). Eastward, the incense-bearing tree
exuding its gum from branches snapped by elephants, is mentioned by the Sanscrit dramatist Bhava-
bhuti Uttar, ii : B. glabra is described by Rumphius ii, pl. 50 ; was observed by Gibson, and Graham,
“ common on the bare rocky hills of the Deccan,” as well as “ in the Sautpoora jungles ” where the
gum may be bought in quantities at a cheap rate ; by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight, in central Hindustan
and as far as the Coromandel mountains; its fragrant resin called “ koondricum ” is much
burnt as an incense in the religious ceremonies of the Hindoos, is collected largely by the Khoonds
and Woodias in the extensive jungles in Goomsur and Cuttack provinces, and the same tribes in
times of famine live on a soup made from the fruit (rep. Mad. exhib., and Drur.).
BoswelHa thurifera of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit “ salaci,” in Hindustanee
“ luban ” (Lindl), in the environs of Bombay “ dup salai ” and furnishing the remaining portion of
“ the gum olibanum of commerce ” (Graham), from Bombay according to Royle the Indian olibanum
is chiefly exported ; B. thurifera may therefore have furnished the frankincense for the incense-burner
figured in the Asasif, and that called in Egyptian “ lavò ” (Edw.) or “ slièllóóuz ” — (ms. Par.) : “ Ibnh ’(
is mentioned by Moses levit. ii. to xxiv and num, v. 15. and according to Jeremiah vi 20 was brought
by Arab merchants; “ livanós ” brought by them, is mentioned by Plerodotus iii. 107, Euripides,
'rheophrastus ix. 4. 7, Eratosthenes, Strabo, and Dioscorides ; and the incense burned in Catholic
churches according to Colebrooke res, as. ix. 317 to xi. 158 is from B. thurifera. Eastward, the tree
was observed by Gibson, Law, Nimmo, and Graham, in the environs of Bombay and in the Southern
Concan ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the mountains of Coromandel ; by Royle, common
in central Hindustan, extending not as far North as the preceding ; and according to Drury, is a large
tree, affording good timber, and its gum-resin is called in Bengal “ koondooroo ” or “ ghundurus”
or “ cundun.”
Eighty-second generation. May tst, 1567, mostly beyond youth : Ishmael, Anah (Gen. xxxvi.
24 and I Chron. i. 41) : among the Greeks, Laodice mother of Apis and Niobe (Apollod. ii. i).
1563 B. C. ( = 2016 — “ 453 years ” o f both the Maneth, tables), a date possibly marking the
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . I I I
expulsion of the Hyksos from the Egyptian frontier. In the absence of m^umental evidence th0
the kinro of the Seventeenth dynasty carried war beyond the Northeastern frontier, the H J s o s are
regarded by Lepsius as probably the obstacle in that direction. Confirmation is found in Manetho s
detailed account in Jos. c. A. i. 14 and 15. . , , 1 • j 1 „11
Compelled to quit the Egyptian frontier (Manetho in Jos. c. A.), the Hyksos wrried along a 1
their possessions, and the whole community numbering not less than two hundred and forty foousand,
proceeded across the Desert towards Syria: but fearing the Assyrians, wlm now ru ed Asia, they
turned aside, and for their own protection built a city and called it Jérosolum^ (That Jerusalem
was built before the Exodus of the Jews, appears from Josh. x. i, xw " ; J«, ™d J « g . xix. 10).
The hieroglyphic character of the onager V () “ iantóóu ” and èiantoou ’ means momitain
ass,” a l s o “ hill country,” and therefore Pales tine; the animal in its wild state wandering
no farther West. The character occurs in an inscription h a v i n g reference to the Hyksas
kino- “ Apepi ” or Apophis (Leps. k. pl. 15), but composed perhaps subsequently ; - and wfrh its mofo-
fications, continues in use until the reign of Ramessu V I I I . of the Twentieth dynasty (Leps, d. 111.
l / a l l i i t f o g o f Ib o lt ihis date (now in the museum at London), I remarked the onager, Eqnns
hemionus! domesticated and caparisoned. - The “ white a s s e s ” of the Song of Deborah (Judg. v.
10) may therefore be compared. _ r 1 »i. 1
Ambiguous figures at Benihassan on examination proving varieties of the dog the above painting
contains the earliest figure I have met with of the (copied in Wilkmson pl. . ), from the
surroundings possibly in its wild state as Felis maniculata of the Upper Nile . — under the Twenty
second dynasty (Leps. k. pl. 46) the cat makes its appearance as a lnero0 yphic character, and was
doubtless at this time domesticated in Egypt ; though unnoticed in the Hebrew Scriptures, Hesiod
Homer and the Batrachomyomachia, until mentioned by Herodotus as a familiar domestic animal
in both’ Egypt and Greece. Eastward, I looked in vain for figures in the cave-temples of Hindurtan ;
but according to Deslongchamps transl., the cat is mentioned m the Institutes of Manu. By European
colonists, the cat was carried to America and the islands of the Pacific; was met vvith by our
Expedition on Taheiti and Tongatabu, relapsed into secondary wildness on the Hawaiian Group, and
(according to Rich) on the Samoan.
a i f o l B C = I St year of Tchoung-ting, of the Chan g” or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
Jj6i B. C. = “ 1st of Mechir in the 15th year of Amun-u-hnumut,” commencement m the quarry
of work on the two Great obelisks — (Birch). „ , „ • „ i f
ic6o B C = “ last day of Mesore in the i6th year of Amun-u-hnumut, and after an interval oi
“ seven months,” the two Great obelisks finished - (Birch) ; they continue in place in the temple at
Karnak. The “ i6th y e a r ” is the latest in the reign of Amun-u-hnumut found on the monuments
year of Tchoung-ting” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Nineteenth
°^ ° 'T h e same year ( = 1527 + 30 years of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Mamythus
as Assyrian emperor. „ r - r a *1 Af„
1554 B. C. ( = 1532 y. 6 mo. -|- “ 21 y. 9 mo.” of Manetho m Jos. c. A., the Atr.-
Maneth. table giving 1417 + “ 37 + 3i + 9 + 26 + I3 + 22 years ” = 1555), accession
of Améssis, called “ Araènsis ” in the Afr.-Maneth. table. On the monuments,
Tutmas III. head of the Eighteenth dynasty is next in order : — he immediately follows
Tutmas II. in the series of kings at Abydos, and Gurna.^
Nelumbium speciosum of Subtropical and Tropical Eastern Asia. The flower of the great
water-lily has not been found on the Egyptian monuments, but certain representations, mdudmg
the emblem designating Asiatic captives, appeared to me intended for the fruit ; the plant is besides
known to have furnished one form of capital of the Egyptian columns — (Athen. v. 9) : a kind o
“ lòtós ” lily growing in the Nile is described by Herodotus ii. 92 as having fruit like a wasp s nest,
containing seeds as large as olive-stones ; the “ kuamos aiguptiós ” is mentioned also by . ippocrates,
Theophrastus iv. 3 to 10, Diodorus, Strabo, and Dioscorides ; the flower and fruit of N speciosum
occur on a medal of Vespasian, and a bust of Antinous (D e l) , but the plant 0 s since dis^peared
from Egypt. Eastward, continues in the Caspian as far as the mouths of the Volga (Ledeb., and
A. Dec ), though perhaps not indigenous there; is figured in the cave-temples of Hindustan both
Budhist and Braminical, as ascertained by myself ; was observed by Rheede xi. pl. 30 m MMabar ;
by Graham “ in tanks throughout the Concan ” (planted) ; and is called “ nelumbo on Cey«n (Lam.).
Farther East, was observed by Mason indigenous in Burmah and called “ pa-dung-nm ; ^ by Louieiro
p. 416 in Cochinchina; is called in China “ lien-hoa,” is mentioned in the Eulh-ya J c t io n a o i and its
sponoy fruit by Li-chi-tchi as medicinal, was observed by Cibot mem. chin. 111. 437 multiplied by seeds
and roots and requiring no further care in cultivation, its seeds eaten like filberts ; by Kaempfer, and
Thunberg, around temples in Japan and regarded as sacred, but its stems eaten.
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