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844 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Tragopogón pratense of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain goat’s beard
(Prior),In Germany “ bocks bart ” (Trag.) ; in which we recognize the “ barba hircina” of Hieronymus
apodix., —and “ barbula hirci” of Tragus i. pl. 93 : T. pratense was observed by Tragus in the
meads of Germany, its root eaten by boys; is termed “ t. pratense Iuteum majus” by Tournefort inst.
477 ; is known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe (Thuil., and Engl. bot. pl. 434) ; was
observed by Sibthorp on mount Plaemus and around Constantinople.
Pyrola roinndifalia of Northern climates. Called by Turner winter-green (Prior), in Germany
“ winter-vriin” or “ waldmangolt ” or “ holtz mangolt” (Trag.): the “ winter-grün” is mentioned in
the Gernèan ed. of the Ortus Sanitatis 316, is termed “ piróla” by Flieronymus apodix., or (according
to Tragus litt. Brunf.) “ pyrola” by Braunsweig lib. de simpl. ; — the “ betula” prescribed by Gario-
pontus?. 16 is referred here by Tragus : P. rotundifolia is known to grow from Lapland throughout
Northern Europe to the mountains of Switzerland (fl. Dan. pl. no, Lam. fl. fr., and Wats.); was
observed by Tragus in Germany, by Savi on the Appenines ; and is known to grow throughout Siberia
to Kamtchatka (Gmel., and Pall). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha; by
Drummond, at Fort Cumberland 54° on the Saskatchewan ; by Pursh, in Canada ; by Chapman, on
the mountains of Georgia ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina ; by myself, from about 40° to 45°
along the Atlantic ; by Parry, as far as Five-hawser Bay in Arctic America (Hook.) ; is known to
grow also in Greenland (Wats.) ; and was observed by Hooker on Iceland.
Antennaria dioica of Northern climates. A Gnaphalioid herb called in Britain cat’s foot (Prior),
in Germany “ hasenpfatlin ” or “meussorlin” (Fucbs.); and the “ pilosella minor” of the Herbarius
manuscript —is referred here by Fuchsius pl. 606 : A. dioica is known to grow from North Cape
throughout middle Europe as far as Switzerland (fi. Dan. pl. 1228, Engl. bot. pl. 267, Pers., and Dec.) ;
and Eastward to the Taurian mountains. Lake Baikal, and throughout Siberia to Bering’s Island,
Nootka Sound, and 54° to 64° in North America (Gmel., Pall., and Hook.). “ A. plantaginifolia.”
occasionally developing “ large lower leaves,” appears to have been regarded by Josselyn as an American
species, and is given as distinct by Plukenet aim. pl. 348; has been observed by myself along the
Atlantic from 45“ to 38°, by Schweinitz as far as 36° in Upper Carolina, by Chapman in “ Florida and
northward,” by Short in Kentucky, and by Nuttall on the Arkansas.
Polygonum amphibium of Northern climates. A showy waterpeachwort called in Germany with
the bistort “ naterwurtz,” or by herbalists “ colubrina ” and “ serpentaria,” and mentioned in the Old
manuscript Herbarius —(Fuchsius pl. 774) : P. amphibium is termed “ phyllitis lacustris ” by Valerius
Cordus (Spreng.), “ persicaria salicis folio potamogetón angustifolium dicta” by Tournefort inst. 509:
is known to grow in and along the margin of pools throughout Northern and middle Europe (fi. Dan.
pl. 282, Curt. lond. iv. pl. 28, and Pers.) ; was obsreved by Brotero in the Tagus, by Decandolle in
France, by Sibthorp in Asia Minor in the Nicæan Lake and around Constantinople ; was received by
Bieberstein from Tauria; by Richard from Abyssinia, and by E. Meyer and Drège from Austral
Africa (A. Dec.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland ; by Michaux, in Lake St. John’s
in Canada ; by Drummond at 54° near Fort Cumberland; by myself, along the Atlantic from 43° to
40°; by Short, in Kentucky; and according to Pursh grows along the Ohio and Mississippi. Its rootlike
stems according to Lindley are substituted in France for sarsaparilla.
Cheiranthus annuus of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in France “ quarantain ” from
growing up and flowering within forty days (Pers.) : described by Braunsweig f. 43 — (Spreng.), and
known to grow in maritime situations in Southern Europe (Pers.).
Gentiana cruciata of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Germany “ modelgeer” or
“ creutzwurtz ” (Trag.) ; in which we recognize the “ creutz wurtz” of Flieronymus apodix. or Braun-
swei» : — G. cruciata was observed by Tragus i. pl. 83 in Germany, much used medicinally, and sometimes
called “ heil alien schaden ; ” is described also by Gesner ; is termed “ tretorrhiza ” by Renealmi
pl. 73 ; and is known to grow on wooded mountains from France to Austria (Jacq. austr. pl. 372, and
Pers.).
“ In this year” (Burm. hist, and Ma.son 65), accession of Zeyalhura as “ twenty-ninth” king of
Toungoo. He built a new city for his seat of government : — to which the name of the old one,
“ Toungoo,” has been transferred.
“ In this or the following year” (Galvan., and Spreng.), Alonso Aveiro following the African coast
as far as Benin.
Piper A fzelii of Western Equatorial Africa. Specimens of Guinea cubebs or “ rabo pola” or
“ pimenta de rabo, pepper with a taile,” brought home by Alonso Aveiro, “ the first of that kinde scene
in Portugall” — (Galvan.): “ cubebs from Guinea” are mentioned also by Smith (in Rees cycl.),
Nees, Ebermaier, and others : P. Afzelii, the plant in question, is known to grow at Sierra Leone, but
“ the quality of its fruit has still to be ascertained” (Lindl.).
“ i486 A. D.” (Churchill coll.), Bartholemew Diaz following the African coast “ one hundred and
twenty leagues ” farther than any before him, discovered mountains which he called “ Sierra Parda.”
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 845
Passing a bay beyond, called by him “ De los vaqueros ” on account of the great herds of cattle, he
touched at a small island named by him “ Santa Cruz ; ” entered the mouth of a river, named by him
“ Del infante;” — and after sailing some distance Eastward, returned, and “ May 1487 ^ (Humb.
cosm, iv.) reached the Southern point of the continent, which he named cape “ Tormentoso ; ” a name
afterwards changed to cape of “ Good Hope.” . - u j
The “ vaqueros ” having herds of cattle were of course Hottentot tribes : the animal having reached
them ihrough the neighbouring Gaffers, who call a cow “ go ” —(Thunb. trav. iv. 10). The Hottentots
are further described by Thunberg as not cultivating the soil ; carrying on neither war nor commerce
with remote neighbours ; having no kind of money but exchanging articles directly, or bartering
having no calendar nor new year’s day, but reckoning their age by the annual flowering of certain bulbous
plants ; possessing two musical instruments, the “ kora ” and “ rabekin ; ” burying old people a ive,
the cu.stom of circumcision in his day becoming obsolete.
“ The same year” (Humb. iii. 8), on the Mexican table-land, building of the stone teocalli, or
pyramidal mound, by the emperor Ahuitzotl. • , /tt u
First edition of the “ Margarita philosophica,” an encyclopædic work by Father Reisch (Humb.
cosm.).
1487 A. D. (= “ 1412 an. jav.,” Raffles xi.), Pangeran Sabrang Lor succeeded at Demak by his
brother Pangeran Tranggana, third sultan of Java.
“ May” (Major ind. voy. p. Ixxxii, and M, Russel 127), under instructions from John II. of Portu-
»al Pedro de Covilham leaving Lisbon for Egypt and the Red Sea. From Aden he proceeded to
Calicut and Goa, being the “ first” Portuguese “ wlio had sailed on the Indian Ocean.” Crossing to
Sofala, he obtained information respecting the Southern termination of Africa, and returning as far as
Egypt’ transmitted home the intelligence, That ships from Guinea on arriving “ in the Eastern ocean,
their best direction must be to enquire for Sofala, and the Island of the Moon” (Madagascar) After
a visit to Ormuz, Covilham entered Abyssinia, where he was cordially received by king Iscander and
conducted to the royal residence at Shoa, but was either persuaded or compelled to remain in the
country: he married, held highly important posts, welcomed his countrymen on the arrival of an
embassy “ in 1525,” and died after a residence of “ thirty-three years.” ^ ^
“ In this year” (Markham p. liii), accession of Hosein Meerza as sultan at Herat in Persia. He
encouraged Literature, and his court was frequented by the poets Jami and Hatafi, and the historians
Mirkhoncl and Khondemir. — He died “ in 1506.”
His grand vizier Ali Shir Beg composed a poem in the Toorki language, also wrote a complete
prosody—(Markham p. liii). , 1
“ The same year” (Liibke and Lutrow), in Spain, building of the chapel of Hernandez de Velasco
in the cathedral at Burgos. . .
“ In this year” (Markham edit. Ciez. p. 140), Cacha, last scyri of Quito defeated and slam in
battle by the Inca Huayna Capac ; who married his only daughter Paccha, annexing the country to
Peru.N
ectaiidra cinnamonioides of the Eastern slope of tlie Equatorial Andes. The American cinnamon,
a Lauraceous tree, cultivated in the region around Quito as early probably as this date, its dried
calyx brought also from forests to the Eastward and used as a spice, making a warm cordial drink
(Ciez. xl.) ; N. cinnamonioides was found by Gonzalo Pizarro “ in 1539” growing wild in the district
of Quijos, East of Quito, this and El Dorado being the objects of his expedition (Ovied., Schomb.
edit. Ralegh, and Markham); but according to Garcilasso de la Vega, the product of the wild trees is
inferior to that obtained from cultivation by the natives : N. cinnamonioides was observed by Flum-
boldt and Bonpland n. g. ii. 169 cultivated about Mariquita, substituted for cinnamon in New Granada,
and called “ canela ” (Lindl.). From transported specimens, is termed “ cinnamomum sylvestre americanum
” by Seba thes. ii. pl. 84.
“ 1488 A. D, = ‘ houng-tchi,’ 1st year of Hiao-tsoung-king-ti ” or Fliao-tsoung II., “ of the Ming ’
or Twenty-third dynasty,*— (Chinese chron. table).
* Salada Sinensis of Tropical China. A small Flippocrateaceous tree called in Tagalo “ matang-
olang ” (Blanco) ; and from early times, its insipid berries eaten : — received by Linnæus irom China ;
and observed by Blanco in Malinta on the Philippines.
Munchausia speciosa of Tropical China and the Philippines. A beautiful flowering tree called in
Tagalo “ bañaba” (Blanco); and from early times, its tough durable timber much used : —observed
by Blanco frequent on the Philippines ; is known to grow also in China (Pers.). From transported
specimens, is termed “ munchhausia speciosa” by Linnæus.
Paspaliim villosum of the Philippines and Japan. A grass two feet Iflgh, called in Tagalo
“ parag-is” (Blanco); and from early times, its root used by women medicinally ;—observed by
Blanco on the Philippines.