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710 B. C. (2 K. xix. 36 and 37), returning to Nineveh, Sennacherib was assassinated by his sons
Adrammelech and Sharezer; who “ escaped into the land of Armenia.” The revolt of the Medes,
and consequent dissolution o f the Assyrian Empire (an event placed at this date by Josephus and
Herodotus, but Ctesias has 1071 -|- “ 1000 — 1360 years ” = 711, and in Euseb. ii. from the same
point “ 25th of Teutamus,” — 7 — “ 40 — 30 — 40 — 38 — 45 — 30 — 20 — 50 — 42 —-20 years ”
= 709); leaving to Esarhaddon, son and successor of Sennacherib, only the reduced kingdom of
Assyria proper.
“ The same y e a r ” (Dionys., and Clint.), the city of Crotona in Southern Italy founded by Greek
colonists.
“ 709 B. C.” (Herodot., and Clint.), the Medes having gained independence and power, commencement
of the “ fifty-three ” years attributed to their leader Deioces. (A year later is indicated
by other authorities, 776 -f- 43 — “ 28 — 30 — 40 — 13” = 708 = 776 + “ 40 — 28 — 20 — 30 —
30 years ” of Euseb. i = 816 — “ 28 — 50 — 30 years of Ctesias in Diodor. ii. 32).
“ The same y e a r ” ( = 704-j- “ 5 y e a rs ” of Astronom, can., and Clint, i.p . 278), Mardocempadus
succeeded by Archianus, as king of Babylon. A t Jeinsalem (709 y. 20 5%% d. = 694 y. 183/If 6. -f-
“ 15 y e a r s ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xx. 6, and Isai. xxxviii. 5), recovery of king Hezekiah from
s icknes s.— (For the arrival of the Babylonian embassy mentioned in 2 K. xx. and Isai. xxix., see
below).
“ July [7th,” on the “ first day of the Seventh month in the iith year of Houan-wang” (Khoung-
tseu, the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Panth. 107), total eclipse o f ihe sun.
Ephedra distachya of the shores of the Mediterranean. An Equisetum-like shrub called in
Greece “ pölukömpös ” (Sibth ): the “ tragos ” moistening its gray beard in the sea indicated by, the
Oracle to Phalanthus — (Diod. viii. 21), described by Dioscorides as a shrubby and decumbent plant
growing by the seaside, leafless, with numerous red berries large as a grain of wheat pointed and
very astringent, identified in the added Synonyms with the “ traganös” or “ skörpiön,” is referred
here by writers: E. distachya was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on rocks exposed to
the sea throughout Greece and the Greek islands, and farther inland on mount Athos and by the
roadside near Smyrna. Westward, the account of the “ herba tragos” by Pliny xxvii. 116 seems
chiefly taken from Dioscorides: E. distachya is described by Ruellius, Dalechamp, Camerarius, and
Barrelier pl. 731; is termed “ e. maritima minor” by Tournefort inst. 663; and is known to grow
on stony hills e.xposed to the sea in Barbary and Southern Europe (Pers., and Spreng.).
“ 708 B. C,” (Hieronym., and Clint.), the city of Tarentum in Southern Italy founded by Phalanthus
and the “ Parthenians ” (expatriated Spartans of illegitimate birth).
In this year ( = “ 01. rSth ” of Xanthus, see also Hellan., and Glaucus of Rhegium), Terpander.
His improvement in comhmingpoetry with instrumental music (Clem. Alex., and Plut. mus. 3) hardly
later than this date. Terpander composed hymns, some of them in hexameter verse (Sm. b. d.).
The Homerid hymn to Mercury 51 containing an account of the seven-stringed lyre (the invention
of Terpander), not earlier than this date.
Hederá helix of the Himalayan mountains. Called in Britain h y , in Anglo-Saxon “ ifig,” in Old
High German “ ebah” (Prior), in current German “ epheu” (Grieb), in France “ lierre” (Nugent),
in Italy “ ellera” or “ edera” (Lenz), in Greece “ k is s o s ” (Sibth.), in Egyptian “ henosiris ” or
“ shénosiris” (Pint. is. and osir.) ; in which we recognize the KISSOS mentioned in the Homerid
hymn to Dionysus or Bacchus 40, — also by Anacreon (anthol. pal. vi. 134 and vii. 29), Pratinas,
Pindar, Cratinus, Sophocles, Theophrastus, Erasistratus, Theocritus, Semus Delius, Dioscorides,
Athenaeus xiv. 16, and that Harpalus attempted without success to introduce into Media (Plin. xvi.
62): the “ kissos ” is mentioned also in 2 Macc. 6. 7: H. helix, I was informed, has not been successfully
cultivated in E g y p t; was observed by Hasselquist on mount Tabor in Palestine ; by Forskal,
Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, seemingly wild from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands.
Westward, the “ k is so s ” or “ nusion” or “ thiönusiön” or “ pérsis ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with
the “ souvites” of the Gauls, and “ silva matér” or “ éthéra” of the Romans; the “ edera” or
“ hederá” is mentioned by Cato i n , Horace, Ovid fast. iii. 766, Columella, and Tacitus: H. helix
is termed “ h. arbórea ” by Tournefort inst. 6 13 ; and seems at least completely naturalized in Europe,
clinging to trees and rocks from Italy as far as Sweden (Curt, lond., Pers.. Spreng., and Lenz).
Eastward from Palestine, Alexander was informed by priests of Bacchus on the Upper Indus that
the “ ki.ssos” there grew only on mount Meros: H. helix was observed by Royle wild on the Himalayan
mountains (Kitt. bibl. cycl. ii. p. 203 to 217). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where its cultivation for ornament is increasing in our Middle States. Is mentioned according
to Lindley “ as a sudorific, and was once reputed to prevent drunkenness.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Xanth., Clem. Alex., and Clint ), the poet Archilochus leaving Paros in company
with a colony for Thasos.
Prunus insititia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wheaten plum
(Ainsw.) or bullace, by Turner “ bulles,” by Treveris “ bolays,” by Galfridus
bv the Bretons “ belosse” or “ bolosse” (Le Gall), in France “ prunier sauvage (Fé e ), ’ "Germany
“ haferpflaume ” (Lenz), in Greece “ agriothamaskenia ” (Sibth.) or “ koromelëa (Fraas) , m w 1 1
we recognize the K0 KK VMH V 0 // of Archilochus,-Hipponax, Aristo^mnes, having a round nudeus
according to Theophrastus iv. 2. 10, and further noticed by Nicander, Dioscorides, and '• 0 -^
P. in s it it i was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, wild in Greece and as 0 + 0 0 0 0 / !
“ row also about Caucasus (Ledeb.) ; and cultivated varieties may be inck d e d jn the barkuk of
Egypt and Yemen, the possible origin of the Greek name. Westward the
mentioned by Viroil, “ prunus silvestris ” by Columella, and “ ingens turba prunorum by Hmy
4 ,1 P hisititia"o’ccu?sin debris of Swiss lake-villages belonging to the Stone Age (P eer) ; is
termed “ p sylvestris præcox altior” by Tournefort inst. 623; is known to grow wild in Italy and
" “ hout' r!idcUe Europe (Linn., Pers., Bertoi. fl. ital., and A. D e c ) . By European colonists,
cultivated varieties were carried to Northeast America, where they continue in our ga.dens intermingled
with prunes or damsons under the common name of (see '®0 „ trikokkia”
Cratcegus tanaceiifolia of the East Mediterranean countries. Called 0 +®®® -
(Sibth.), i f which we recognize the “ trikôkkôn” identified by D io s co n « s with the M E& 9 I V O J of
Archilochus, - Eubulus, Superfcet. 25, Theophrastus 111. 12, Agatharchides 96, and otheis, a thorny
tree with edible fruit which resembles a small “ mëlô” and contains three bony granules ; mentioned
also by Pollux i. 233, and “ mëspilon ” water prescribed by Hippocrates v ic t acut. 62 . C tanaceUfo
is termed orientalis tanaceli folio villoso magno fructu pentagono e v.ridi flavescente + 0 0 ,
nefort cor. 44 and trav. ii. pl. 172. and was observed by him, Sibthorp, and Fraas, on all high
B C ” ( = 404 + “ 300 years ” of Thucyd. i. 13 and Clint., see also Plerodotus, a « « o d o r ,
xiv. 42), trireme galleys, a new and larger class of sea-going vessels, built for the Samians by Ammo-
cles of Corinth. — Row-galleys continued in use on the Mediterranean in the days of Baunroa ,
and Cervantes: and even now, the term “ galley-slave” has hardly become obsolete m the English
language.^ a ^ yg^rs ” of the Astronom. can., and Clint, i. p. 278), at Babylon,
end of the reign of Archianus. , , j> <. n K„i„r,
703 B. C. (Beros., Alex. Polyhist, and Clint, i. p. 278), after reigning thirty days at Babylon
Hagisa slain and succeeded by Marndach Baldanes. Who reigned “ sixmofflh s; and is re g a r« d
(by Josephus and Eusebius) as the king who “ sent letters and a present to Hezekiah at
(2 K. XX. 12, and Isai. x x x ix . i , see above). The embassy is proof, that Babylon was now independ
K C.” ( = 699 + “ 3 y e a r s ” of the Astronom. can., and Clint), Marndach Baldanes slam,
and the accession of Elibus or Belibus as king of Babylon. ^ • ,1, ti
“ The same year ” (Euseb., and Clint.), at Athens, accession of Apsander, sixth Decennial
" "'^ oNe hundred and eighth generation. Jan._ ist, 700, mostly beyond youth: the Greek poet
Tvrtaeus, and the Messenian bard Theoclus (BHir).
“ 6qo B C ” ( = 693 + “ 6 years ” of the Astronom. can., and Chnt., see also Beros., and Alex.
P o lyh is t), ‘rin the third year of Elibus,” Babylon captured by an Assyrian king, and placed under
the rule of his son Apronadius. (On comparing 2 K. xvn. 24 and Ezr iv. 2 to io,Jhe Assyrian king
is found to be Esarhaddon; the son Apronadius corresponding to Asnapper, who established
colonists from Babylon, Cuthah, Avfi, Hamath, and Sepharvaim “ in the cities of Samaria instead
“ 696 B. C. = 1st year of Tchoung-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron.
'^'^'°The same year = “ 20th year of Taharka,” on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. P- 593)-
6gq B C. ( = 722 y. 233/5% d- — “ -9 y e a r s ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xvm. 2 and 2 Chron.
xxix. I), Hezekiah succeeded at Jerusalem by his son Manasseh, seventeenth Jewifo king.
“ 693 B. C .” ( = 692 -% “ I y e a r ” of the Astronom. can., and Clint.), Apronadius succeeded by
Retfibalus, as king of Babylon. ^ , t- 1 jj
In this year = “ 23d year of Taharka,” invasion of Egypt by the Assyrians under Esarhaddon ;
who has left a record of his passage on the rocks at Nahr-el-Kelb, close to the t fo et of Ramessu II.
fBirch ) His capture of the city of No — (On or Heliopolis) is mentioned by Nahum 111. b.
“ The same year ” ( ____ Suid., and Clint.), Simonides the iambic poet. He was contemporary
with Archilochus (Clem. Alex. i. p. 33), and led a migration from Samos to the neighbouring island
o f Amorgos (Strab. x. p. 487, Steph. Byz., and Tzetz. xii. 52),
The BAKKAPI ointment of Simonides of Amorgos — (Clem. Alex. pæd. 11. 8), or
of Hipponax, Aeschylus, Magnes, Ion, Achaeus, Epilycus, Cephisidorus, and Athenaeus xv. 40, may
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