swear, adjure ; “ tama ” or “ tamS ” or “ tamö ’
in the Book of the Dead, also under the
to declare, make known. — The first character occurs
. . dynasty (Buns, and Birch). The second character
occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the Twellth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pl 120
and k. pl. 44 to 58). V 1 1 9-
(finger signifying measurement, Horap. ii. 13) ; “ tb v ” or “ le v ” or “ te v g ” or “ teevS” finger ;
^ “ tbvs ” ling, seal-ring, stamp, seal, mark ; “ tbv ” or “ tov ” or “ tövs ” or “ töps ” or “ taov ” to sTgn ;
“ tevi ” or “ tepi ” prescribed labour. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under
the Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 77). To the present day, I found everything in Egypt done
by contract, prominent persons in general wearing a seal-ring.
r I “ tövi ” or “ tovi ” brick ; “ tövg ” or “ töövä ” or “ töubiö ” recompense ; “ toh ” or “ töh ”
straw. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the end
of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pl. 5, and k. pl. 49 to 55 and 62). Tlie character presents additional
evidence to that above given, that doii or sun-dried brick were in use when writing was invented.
“ tövi ” receptacle ; “ taho ” or “ tohS ” to place. — The character occurs as early as the Fourth
L| dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 15). Apart from the hieroglyphic writing, the implement is employed in
bricklaying under the Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pl. 40).
II “ tom” wall; “ tom i” contiguous, joined together; “ tö r ” or “ tosh ” or “ tom ” or “ töm ” or
“ tömi” or “ tbm” confederate, to adhere to, join together; “ tashs ” to cement, agglutinate;
^ “ tashtash” to continue; — in Hebrew “ tyrb ” wall. The character occurs from the-Third
dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the Twenty-first (Leps. d. ii. pl. 7, and k. pl. 42).
“ tbuntröm ” a columnar whirl of d u s t; “ tounbs ” or “ töunös ” or “ tounas ” to excite, stir up,
place together upon (superimpose) ; “ kSt ” or “ ket ” or “ köt ” or “ köt ” to build ; “ tek ” strong ;
“ tene ” great, strong. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic
writing (Leps. cl. il. pl. 2, 147, and k. pl. 5 to 61).
“ tene ” a bridge ; “ tlö ” scala portabilis ; “ tnom ” or “ tlöm ” furrow, vale. — The character
occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. p l 20). A modification äz w occurs under
the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 43).
“ tothb ” track, footpath ; “ mobit” or “ mbit” road, way; “ mitboui ” paths, roads ; “ p e t ”
^ or “ phet ” or “ ph6t ” to run, fle e ; “ brat ” to, unto. — The character occurs as early as the
Fourth or Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl 13). A modification -Y—^ occurs from the Fifth dynasty
and the Book of the Dead to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pl. 65 to iv. pl. 14, and k. pl. 12).
“ ta l” hill; “ taleu ” elevated place ; “ tau ” or “ tb ou ” or “ toubie” mountain, mountainous
'region, Desert; “ tobu ” to migrate, change sides; “ tdubib” separation, divorce; “ tenh ” or
“ tnih ” or “ tbnh ” or “ tiih ” pinnacle; “ tef ” summit, tip ; “ talb ” to ascend. — The character occurs from
the Third dynasty and the Book of the Dead to tlie Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pl. 2, and k. pl. 24 to 58).
(murcena or speckled eel signifying intercourse with foreigners, Horap ii. 104); “ tblmonia”
spotted serpent; “ tbh ” or “ teh ” or “ tdh ” to mingle, hold communion; “ tbu ” to buy ; “ tei ”
‘ toub ” or “ taaf ” or “ taa bvol ” to sell ; “ teif bvol ” sale ; “ tmo ’ or “ tbmmo ” or “ tb ” to feed ;
to
— in Hebrew, the ninth letter “ tyd,” said to mean serpent, or according to others convolute (Gesen.).
The character occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 171). Horapollo speaks of the “ murai-
naii ” coming out of the water to mingle with serpents ; and this was the belief among the common
people of Italy in the days of Pliny ix. 35 to 39,
“ ta r ” sail-yard, branch ; “ törb” ship’s oar; “ trp ” or “ ta rp ” or “ to rp ” or “ törp” to rob,
spoils; “ tahth ” or “ ta r t r ” to disturb.— The character occurs in the Book of the Dead xxxvi.
99, 17 (Buns, and Birch).
“ takton” inverted, entangled, involved; “ t o ” turning; “ to k i” a knot, braid; “ tanai ” or
“ taithb” so ; “ tön ” where ; “ trrb ” or “ tön ” or “ tnno” to be worried; “ tbnöu” or “ dnou ”
now; “ mto” or “ emtö” or “ takö ” to perish, perdition. — The character occurs from the Sixth
dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pl. 76, 150, and iv. pl. 25).
“ takte ” greaves, knee-hose ; “ tahbm” or “ tahm ” or “ tbhm ” to call; “ t e l ’-’ or “ te r ” all;
_ “ tnno ” or “ tnööu ” or “ tao ” or “ taöub ” or “ [an ” or “ taua ” or “ töuöb ” to send ; “ takta ” or
“ takte ” or “ taktö ” to place around, compass abou t; “ tahb ” to be hunted, hunter ; “ taaps ” intense
desire; “ tanhb” or “ tanho ” or “ tangö” to preserve alive; “ töiija” or “ toujb” to save. — The
character occurs from the Third dynasty lo the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pl. 2, and k.
pl. 7 to 66).
(wolf or dog turned away signifying aversion, Horap. ii. 2 1 ) ; “ ta s th o ” to be averse;
“ takto ” lo bring b a ck ; “ töv ” or “ tphö ” or “ tapho ” or “ taphb ” to restore. — The charac-
u ter occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. n 6 ).
^ (“ tiv o u s ” Pi'sda stratio/es, Syn. D io s c ) ; “ tw o ” or “ töuvö ” purification; “ tvvb ” or
“ touvb ” to cleanse, purify ; “ talsho ” to desist, make an end ; “ totsh ” or “ tenb ” limit, end. —
The character occurs under the . . . . dyna.sty (Champ, gram. 77).
.
Pistia stratiotes of Equatorial Africa. A floating lettuce-like plant called in Egypt “ hay a’lem
p1 m a ” water-houseleek (Del.) and used medicinally against menorrhagia (Alpm.), by the prophets
“ aima ailourou,” in E g j ptian “ tivous ” - (Syn. Diosc.) ; the “ mnasion btbron ” growing in pools of
the Nile is described by Theophrastus iv. 8. 5 as leafy with the root not reaching the sod, leaves side
bv side as if in a double series, and employed medicinally in fractures and menstrual affection.s : the
“ notamion stratidten” according-to Dioscorides grows without root on the top of the water, its leaves
resemblino- those of the “ abiz6ou ” houseleek but larger, refrigerating, and restraining hemorrnage
from the kidneys: P. stratiotes was observed by Calliaud in Sennaar ; by Grant, m “ floating ro-
se tte s ” carried in flood down'the Nile from the Equator “ to about 13° N., beyond which_scarcely one
is visible” ; was observed also by Adanson in Senegal. Eastward, is called in Sanscrit “ koombhi-
ka ” in Bengalee and Hindustanee “ taka 'p a n n a in Telinga “ neeroo boodookee ” (Lmdl.) or “ anta-
rei-tamara,” in Tamil “ agasatamaray ” (Drur.) ; was observed by Rheede xi. pl. 32 in Malabar; by
Graham, “ common throughout the Concans,” but by myself chiefly in artificial reservoirs ; by Roxburgh
and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, and used medicinally by the natives; by Mason v.
ro4°in Burmah, occasionally transferred to tubs of water near public buildings, said “ to keep tlie
water fre sh ” ; by Loureiro', in Anam ; by myself, apparently indigenous throughout the Malayan
archipela<ro ; by Blanco, called on the Philippines in Tagalo “ guiapo,” in Ylocano “ loloan.
ward from Africa, may have floated without human inteiwention across the Atlantic to the West
Indies, observed by Browne frequent at Jamaica,and known to occur in Florida; but possibly carried
to Peru, where I found it only around Callao on the Pacific.
i, in Greek “ ai,” its pervading meaning I, self.
< gT > the all-seeing eye ; “ ai ” to be, e x is t; - in Hebrew, the sixteenth letter “ lyn,” meaning eye,
fountain. The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Fifth dynasty to the
end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pl. 5 to 67). ^ c . j f
(sun and moon signifying “ aifina” perpetual, eternal, Horap. 1. i) ; sou-ai first day 01
/ T j A t h e new moon or month ; “ ouabitsh ” or “ ouaitsh” time, “ ouaitsli iiim ” always ; — in Hebrew
“ iylm” or “ iylwm ” eternity; in Greek “ abi ” always, ever ; in English “ ever and aye. The
character occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the Twenty-sixth (Leps. d. 111. pl. 171, and k. pl.
49). A second form 0 occurs under the . . . . dynasty, and continues in use under the Ptolemies
(Champ, diet. 14, and Leps. d. iv. pl. 47).
V x (lion’s head signifying sentinel, watchful, the lion closing its eyes while watdiing and keeping
i F th em open in sleep, Horap. i. 19; eye tlie sentinel of the body, Diodor, iii.; “ i n ” eye, Plut.
is.) ; “ arbh ” to guard ; — in Hebrew “ iyr ” or “ iwr ” keeper, sentinel, watchtul. The character occurs
from the Eleventh dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pl. 150, m. pl. 152, and
k f ’ ^ (ea k e sivnifyinv isolation, for it builds its nest in uninhabited places and flies higher than
M i other “birds" Horap. ii. 53); “ jaiS ” or “ jabib” o r “ jab ie ” or “ jaie ” or “ tsliaib’’ the Desert,
i!lita ry - “ raihs ” free ; “ ai66u ” or “ bsaiSbu ” sw ift ; - in Hebrew “ iyt rapacious bird, eagle ; 1.1
Greek abtos ” or “ aibtos.” The character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the
Dead to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. cl. ii. pl. 2, and k. pl. 5 to 67). Further connection
is found in the adoption of the eagle as the bird of Jupiter among the Greeks.
a# (hawk able to rise perpendicularly upwards, Plorap. i. 6 ; and towards the East rising up-
wards smnifying winds, Horap. ii. 14); “ tshai ” nose, nostrils ; “ tshai ” the East, to spiing
u p ; Y “ the breath of li.ffi,” Gen. ii. 7. The character occurs as early as the . . . . dynasty
Arnopo<’onpicroides of Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. Hawk “ ibraka ” signifying the
sun for alone among birds it can gaze on the sun ; and hence the “ ibrarkia” herb is used in maladies
of the eyes (Horap. i. 6 ) : “ thrimithbs ” is the Egyptian name — of the “ hieracium growing m
Evvot ” (Edw.) ; and A. picroides, having a yellow flower somewhat resembling the sun’s disk, was
o b s e r v e d along the Mediterranean border by Hasselquist, Forskal, and Delile. Farther North, t ie
“ ibrakion ” is mentioned by Cratevas (Plin ), and Aetius, and the “ ibrakion to mbga of Dioscorides
is referred here by Gesner, and Fraas ; A. picroides is termed “ sonchus asper laciniatus creticus by
Tournefort inst. 474, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, Irequent m wa.ste ground
psneciallv near the sea from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, hawks were
supposed by the Romans to make use of the “ hieraciam ” herb (Plin. xx. 26); A. picroides is known
to grow in Italy (Lenz), and was observed by Forskal on Malta and near Marseilles (Lam. ill. pl,
646, and c, » myself, I ; “ ouai ” the numeral one ; “ ouabbt ” or “ ouabt ” single,
alone • “ aiai ” or “ aiabi ” or “ aiabbi ” increase, to augment, grow, be magnified ; “ jai ” or “ jaio ’’
or “ iaibSu ” sad. — The cliaracter occurs by itself and as a numeral under the Third dynasty, and
continues in use until tlie end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d, ii pl. 4. and k, pl. 6 to 67) ; is clearly
5