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582 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
mountains and the Altaian, were unacquainted with iron, and appear to have had their chief dwellino--
place among the mountains on ihe Upper Yenisei : where are magnificent tombs containing finely-
worked gold ornaments and other precious articles, but their picks and other mining utensils as well
as their knives daggers and arrow-points are all of c o p p e r . They used however an oval stone mallet
grooved around to receive a thong, and were acquainted with the manufacture ' of le a th e r . On the
contrary, the Mongols and Tartars have always possessed the art of smelting iro7i, but to the present
day know nothing of copper. The tombs were found by Pallas iii. 333 to 421 much resemblino-
some he had seen in Brandebourg and other parts of Germany.
of the Altaian mountains. Distinguished by its ventricose leaves and called
in Britain w e l s h o n io n from the German “ walsch” foreign (Prior), in Germany “ schnittzwiebel ”
(Lenz),Mn Greece “ pikra krommuthia ” (Fraas), by the Russians among the Altaian mountains
“ boutoun” (Pall.) and known there from early times; — termed “ cepa rupestri radice turbinata
dulci Stelleri ” by Gmelin i. 64; observed by Pallas iii. 204 to 4S4 abounding on all the higher parts
of the Altaian mountains, pleasant to the taste, suitable for culinary purposes, and succeeding in
gardens. Westward, was observed by Fraas under cultivation in Greece, besides springing up spontaneously
; and from Germany was introduced into Britain (Prior).
R ib e s {G i'o s sn la r ta ') s a x a t i l e o i the Altaian mountains. Called there “ krasnaia smorodina” or
“ kislitza,” its acid red fruit, large as raisins, mixed with water from early times as a refreshing drink ;
— observed by Pallas iii. 220 near Golzofka.
S p i r a e a la e v ig a ta of the Altaian mountains. Called by the Russians “ irga ” or “ kizilnik,” known
from early times, — and its stems used for ramrods (Pa l l . ) ; observed by Laxmann near Kolivan
(Steud.) ; by Pallas iii. 264, also among the Altaian mountains.
R h o c ijc ie n d r o n D a u r i c iu n of East Siberia. Called on the Upper Yenisei “ bngoulnik” and
known from early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 129 in all the pine woods from Oudinsk to beyond
Lake Baical. From transported specimens, is described by Linnæus and Andrews repos, pl. 4.
“ The same y e a r ” (Humboldt atl. p ic t , Clavigero i. 84 gives “ 596” ), commencement of the
migration of the Toltecs : * who were now leaving their own country, Huehuetlapallan or Tlapallan.
A b r o / iia a r e n a r ia of the seashore of Oregon and California. Herbaceous and decumbent, its
roots from early times eaten by the Chinnooks — (R. Brown jun.) ; observed by Menzies in California
(Hook.).
A b i e s M e n z i e s i i of Alaska and Western Oregon. A sp r u c e , from early limes furnishing hats for
the sea-going tribes — (R. Brown jun.) ; observed by Douglas.
A b i e s M e r t e n s ia n a of Oregon. A sp r u c e , its liber or inner bark from early times used by the
natives medicinally, for sticking-plaster — (R. Brown Jun.).
E n d o sm ia G a r d n e r i o f Western Oregon. Called by the Nisqually “ sTiah-gok ” (R. Brown jun.),
and from early times its root eaten by the natives. — From transported specimens, described by
Hooker and Arnott.
C a lo c h o r tu s e le g a n s of the Columbia. Its root from early times “ eaten by the na t iv e s ;” —
observed by Lewis and Clark “ on the head-waters of the Kooskoosky” (Ph).
X e i 'o p h y lU u j i t e n a x of the Rocky mountains. Its “ very tenacious leaves ” from early times woven
by the natives into “ water-tight baskets, which they use for cooking their victuals in — observed
by Lewis and Clark “ on high lands near the Rocky mountains” (Ph).
R k o d ym e n ia sp . of shallow water of the ocean-margin of Northwest America. An esculent sea-_
w e ed , from early times compressed by the natives into cakes for winter use— (R. Brown jun.).
P h y l lo p h o r a M e n z i e s i i of the ocean-margin of Northwest America. A s eaw e ed , its long stipes
from early times furnishing the natives with excellent fishing-lines — (R. Brown jun.). Transported
to Europe, described by Agardh.
* A e s c u lu s C a l i f o r n i c a of California. The C a l i f o r n ia h o r s e - c h e s b iu t , its nuts from early times
ground into a gruel or soup by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall.
T r i f o l iu n i in v o lu c r a t u m of Nevada and California. From early times, c lo v e r as well as g r a s s
eaten by the Digger tribe — (R. Brown jun.). T. involucratum according to Hooker grows in California,
from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific. By Spanish colonists, was carried to Cuba (Ortega,
and Pers.) ; and to Valparaiso in Chili (Hook.).
A r c t o s t a p h y lo s g la u c a of California. The n ia n z a n i t ta , its berries eaten by grizzly bears, and
from early times by the natives — (R. Brown jun.).
Q u e r c u s sp . o i the Sacramento. Its acorns from early times pounded and ground into gruel,
cooked in water-tight baskets by the natives : — observed by myself growing in a scattered manner
to a short distance on either side of the Sacramento, the only tree throughout its middle course.
Q u e r c u s sp . of Northwest America. The acorns of several species of o a k from early times eaten
by the natives — (R. Brown jun.).
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 5 8 3
Of the arts attributed to the Toltecs, sm e l t in g metals, cutting the hardest w e a v in g cloth,
and dyeing with in d ig o , do not appear to have originated in America ; but were brought from Asia,
though certainly not by Polynesians.
One of the traditional Toltec leaders was Wotan or Wodan, — and at the time of the Spanish
conquest, a family in the village of Teopixa boasted of being descended from Wotan (Humb. cosm.
iv ) . A mythical connexion traceable perhaps through the Ainos of the Kurile Islands and Northern
Japan.
“ The same y e a r ” (Procop., and Clint,), by Justinian, Belisarius recalled from the East, and
sent with insufficient forces into Italy.
“ 545 A. D . ” (Alst. p. 3Ó9), on the authority of the before-mentioned synod at Carthage, the
pretensions of the bishop of Rome opposed by the Ligurian, Venetian, and Istrian bishops.
“ 546, Dec. 17 th ” (Procop., and Clint.), Rome betrayed to Totilas; who entering in the night,
pillaged the city, set it on fire, and destroyed a third of the city wall. Pie was however soon repelled
by Belisarius ; who rebuilt the wall and fortifications.
“ 547, February” (Malal., and Clint.), arrival in Constantinople of Vigilius bishop of Rome;
invited by Justinian.
“ The same y e a r ” (Procop., and Clint.), irruption of Slavonians into Illyricum. Slavonian
Czekhes (according to Talvi iii. i) displacing the Celtic Boii from Bohemia, — which country they
occupy to the present day.
“ 548 A. D . ” (Marius, and Clint.), death of Theudeber t ; and accession of his son Theudebald
as king of the f'rench. ' * ,
“ 549 G).” (Procop , and Clint.), Belisarius having left for Constantinople, Rome again captured
by Totilas; who thence proceeded South to Tarentum and Rhegium, and invaded Sicily.
“ 550 A. D. = ‘ ta-pao,’ ist year of Kian-wen-ti ” or Kian-wen I I . , of the Liang or Twelfth
dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same y e a r ” (r= 9th of Sridharasena, Jacquet, and Gildem. 43), date of a Hindu poem
composed at Valabhi in Guzerat (Bhattik. xxii. 35).
As early as this date (see Percev. i. 292), the “ Djazm ” o x A r a b i c a lp h a b e t at Anbar
iu Irak by Moramir of the Yemen tribe of T a y .— The invention was carried to the Coraysh tribe
at Mecca by Harb “ in or about 560” (De Sacy). The diacritic points were added under the first
Ommiad khalifs.
“ 551 A. D . ” (Theoph., and Cl int ) , the Roman bishop Vigilius remaining in Constantinople,
ordered by Justinian to be seized ; and taking refuge at the altar, assaulted there.
“ The same y e a r ” (Theophan. Byzant. in Phot. bibl. cod. 64), living s i lk w o rm s , Bombyx mori,
brought from Eastern Asia to the Mediterranean countries ; and the manufacture of silk now intro-
P in u s p o n d e r o s a of Southern Oregon. From early times, dug-out canoes made of its trunk by
the natives — (R. Brown jun.).
P i n u s L a m b e r i ia n a of Southwestern Oregon and the adjoining portion of California. From
early times, a kind of manna or purgative sugar obtained by the natives by scorching its t r u n k -
(Brack., and R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas in California between 40° and 43° ; by Bracken-
ndge, on our land-expedition from the Lower Columbia to the Sacramento.
l a x u s b r e v i fo l ta of Western Oregon and the adjoining portion of California. A species of yew ,
called among the native tribes by names signifying “ fighting wood,” and from early times used for
bows ; the arrows being of cedar, or various species of reeds, tipped with poison obtained from the
ratde-snake — (R. Brown jun.): T. brevifolia was observed by Nuttall; by myself on the mount
Rainier ridge, a slender spruce-like tree sometimes fifty feet high ; by R. Brown jun., abundant about
Shasta mountain.
C h lo r o g a lum p o m e r id ia n u m of California. The am o le plant, its bulbous root from early times
used by the natives as a substitute for soap, — also by their successors, the Spanish settlers (R. Brown
jun.): detached roots were shown me at the Bay of San Francisco. The plant from transported
specimens is described by Kunth.
H o r d e u m j u b a t u m of the seashore and Interior salines of North America. A tasseled grass,
Its seeds from early times especially held in request among the Sliosbones of Southern Oregon —
(R. Brown jun ) : observed by myself in salt-marshes along the Atlantic from 45° to 42° ; by Nuttall,
m Massachusetts and on the Missouri ; by E. James, along the Missouri and Platte ; by Lewis and
Clark, on the Missouri ; by Drummond, as far as 54^’ near Fort Cumberland ; and according to A.
Ciay, grows on the shore ot the Great Lakes ; according to Hooker, as far as Mackenzie river and
the confluence of the Columbia with the sea. In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by J. D.
Hooker at Port Famine in the Straits of Magellan; and he thinks a species found by Hænke in
hih will prove identical (A. Dec.). From transported specimens, described by Linnæus (Steud.).
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