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c l i r o l + b t e i “ ■ “ ‘ W . n - t > o , , n - , o l t h e Tha.g; » o r F i f t e e n t h e l y n n . t , — ( C h l n e . e
. i h t h ‘ 4 y Z p ' . t t “ ■ " " " K » ' " ' . n . t u c c e e d e d b y V a l e n t , , , . . , , h i „ y -
“E t e / 1 L®"® ” (N icol.), the Heptarchy or seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms quered 0 . the king of Wessex, Ecgbryht or Egbert ; now sole Monarch of E t e a n l united and con
seventlterchbishop^^^'ft’ ™ ft"™®"«"®" succeeded by Gregorius IV., thirtyem
p Y te "*■” >"foceeded by his son Theophilus, thirty-second Byzantine
“ The same year ” (N icol.), a synod at Lyons. Against the Jews
FFrraannccee ", tthee "pl£a"n £fu3r0ni sAlie. dD ‘. b(Ly uabnk aer cahnidte cLt uattr othwe) , cbouuriltd oinf gL oofu itsh etl iec oPnivoeunst ”church at S. Gaiien in
bhrraatteed t effo r its prosperity succeeded(N biy'f oli isK saosnu mSaa.l aapnadr WRaaftfale, sn oxw.) , kAinjig Joafy Jaa vBaa. ya after a rei“»n cela
lahia Ben Masawia physician to khalif El-Mamun. - He died.8s7-8 (Greenh )
pvvra forir of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Yemen “ didjer el akbar”' or “ koll-ol ” in
which we recognize the “ k ilk il” of Ebn Masawia. - Maserjawia, Abu Hanifa A bu Nasr Y Y e s
Avicenna, Mosih, and Ebn Baitar : C. tora was observed in Yemen by Forskal Eastward ’is cllled
Lmdley, he leaves are intermingled to adulterate the blunt-leaved senna. Farther East 7 7 /
descnbed by Mason v. 490 as “ one of the most abundant w eed s” in Burmah T e d E E T T E m m called maniman han or mongomongohan ” ,n Tag“al> oB; laa nn dc o ,w iass coobmsmerovned Y b Sy hThl ui inTberY» sarYéundd
te l Southern Japan. By European colonists, was unintentionally carried to Tronicte Amer ica (H um xviii. pl. 72, Lam , and Pers.) ; and to Taheiti, as observed b/myseTf ^
O y lan a retusa of Equatorial Africa. Called in Yemen “ kalakel ” or “ kolkol ” (Forsk I and
possibly the plant in question : — C. retusa was observed by Forskal p. 134 at Mor and Hadie ¿ ¡n »
the base and on the lower portion of the mountains of Yemen ; and by Bojer p 86 seemino-Iv’ indiY
(t e teete) naturalized on Dominica, Jamaica, Barbadoes, and Saint-Thomas
Cratoegus azarolus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ azzarolo ” or “ lazzerolo”
in garnioiia, Italy, and Southern France (Scop., Pers., and Spreire )
observed by Forskal inVardeni; % r ‘ Transported to the Mediterranean countries, was
te itetete+te?
n n d „ , „ . i w . n i „ + i „ „ , M a i S s o n X + r o + r ' f " ” . ' ” ' 7 I , . s i d e , o n " b . n l , .
rweg..a r,dbe.d. „as, dn oVt dnist.i,n.c.t,., Z Z T T Z J l "ederacea observed m Tropical America is
Piper cubeba of Java and Prince of Wales Island. The “ kababat ” of Ebn Masawia— (Haller),
Honain, Elbatlirik, I. E . Amran, Rhazes, Gafeki, M. E. Elkakam, and Ebn Baitar, and the “ hhobeba ”
of Avicenna, and Serapion, are referred here by writers : “ cubeba” is enumerated by Forskal mat.
med. as used medicinally in Egypt; and farther North, cubebs is mentioned by Leonicenus, Fbesius,
Stapel, Cæsalpinus, and dried specimens of the plant are described by the younger Linnæus suppl. go.
Eastward, cubebs is imported into Hindustan, and is called in both Bengalee and Hindustanee “ kabab
chini” or “ sital chini” (D ’rozar.). Farther East, “ cubebe” of the Greater Java is mentioned by
Marco Polo 163, and cubebs was seen by Jordanus on Sumatra; but is regarded by Crawfurd as
exotic there, and according to H. Yule, is the “ only one of the spices ” produced in Java. The specimens
sent by Wallich 6646 froni Singapur and Penang, were therefore probably cultivated : Lindley
was unable to distinguish the dried fruit from the cubebs of druggists ; but according to Blume, the
fruit of P. cubeba although of good quality is not sent to Europe.
Piper caniuum of Java and Prince of Wales Island. — Observed in the East Indies by Rumphius
V. pl. 28 ; and (from transported specimens) described by Roxburgh i. i6i (Lindl.). According
to Blume act. bat. xi. pl. 26, the cubebs of commerce is probably furnished chiefly by this species, having
the fruit smaller and shorter stalked, with a distinct anise flavour and less pungent than in the
preceding.
“ 832 A. D .” (Blair), by the emperor Theophilus, painters and sculptors banished from the
Byzantine Empire, “ from his hatred against images.” He however built the Hebdomon ; a saloon
or palace extant at Constantinople (Salzenberg, and Lubke and Lutrow).
“ The same year” (Marcel), arrival in Egypt of khalif El-Mamun. He opened the Great pyramid
(according to Alhokm, see Greaves pyramidogr.).
By his order, the nilometer at Rhoda repaired, and Kufic inscriptions sculptured on the walls ; —■
noticed by Marcel. Among the Kufic inscriptions at Assuan, some (according to Wilkinson theb.
and eg. 455) are very nearly as ancient.
“ 833 A. D .” (art de verif.), El-Mamun succeeded by Motassem, eighth Abbassid khalif. Coins
issued by Motassem are figured in Marcel 53.
“ In or about this year” ( . . . . ), Sicily conquered by the Muslims. — W ho held possession
more than two centuries.
“ 834 A. D .” (ann. Jap. transl. Tits., and art de verif.), Siunwa or Zioun-wa succeeded by his
nephew Nin-mio, son of Sa-ga and now fifty-fourth dairo of Japan.*
One hundred and fifty-fourth generation. May ist, 834, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish
writers, the Karaites Ismael el Okbari, and Al-Tiflisi ; the Arab writers, Abraham ben Aun, Thaleba
the grammarian, Thabet, the astronomer Albumasar (Blair) ; the Greek writers, Theophanes ô grap-
tos d. 842, Joannes of Sicily, Antonius Rhetor ; the biographer Anastasius : Strabus Fuldensis, Bertra-
mus, Eulogius, Angelomus, Cbristianus Druthmarus, Nithardus, Freculpbus, Hilduinus : the botanists,
Plinius Valerianus, and Placidus Actor.
“ 836 A. D .” (N icol.), Egbert succeeded by Ethelwulf, second Anglo-Saxon king of England.
“ 837 A. D .” (J. R. Hind, and Humb. cosm. i. i), a coniet whose orbit is known from Chinese
observations. Passing within “ two millions of miles ” of the Earth, and terrifying Louis emperor of
France and Germany into building churches and founding monastic establishments.
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Bradhna reigning in
Hindustan.
“ Towards the middle of the Ninth century ” (Pouchet), weight substituted for the action of water
and clocks first made with wheels by Pacificus. — “ Clocks with weights ” were found by Ebn Wahab
in use in China.
“ 838 A. D .” (Blair), the Piets defeated and extirpated by Kenneth II. king of Scotland.
“ Sept. 6 th ” (N ico l), a synod at Quiercy on Oise. The liturgical writings of Amalarius were
condemned.
“ 83g A. D .” (Sm. b. d.), Amorium in Phrygia captured and destroyed by khalif Motassem. From
a Greek captive Motassem heard of the varied acquirements of Leo of Thessalonica, and by letter
invited him to Bagdad. The invitation was not accepted, but proved the means of making Leo known
to the Greek emperor Theophilus. — Leo was living “ in 869,” and is generally designated a s '‘phi-
losophus” by Byzantine writers.
llie medical compendium by “ Leo philosophus” is dedicated to Georgius (compare “ Georgius
praefectus militarium tabularum” under Theophilus).
* Volkameria Japónica of Corea. A large and lofty tree introduced thence into Japan, where it
IS called “ fi giri ” or “ go to o ” (Thunb.) ; in which we recognize the “ go to ” or tree of the phoenix,
representations of which were visited by Nin-mio at the commencement of his reign ;— V. Japónica
was also seen in Japan by Kæmpfer v. p. 861.