li *
896 C F IR O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
'1 ï 111
I
é i ii
of the Chilian Andes in “ 35°; ” was observed by J. D. Hooker along the sea-margin at Cape Negro
in Southern Chili, and in the Straits of Magellan (A. Dec.).
J u n c u s u l i g i n o s u s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A rush termed “ juncus ramu-
losus ” by Gesner ii. fig. 12, — “ gramen junceum folio articuloso cum utriculis” by C. Bauhin prodr.
t2, “ j. foliis articulosis floribus umbellatis cum utriculis” by Tournefort inst. 247, and known to
grow in wet places throughout middle Europe (Sibth. oxon. 115, Smith fl. brit. 380, Engl. bot. pl.
801, and Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp frequent in the marshes of Greece.
o p h r y s a r a c h n i t e s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain s p i d e r o r c h i s
(Prior) : termed “ orchis larvatus . . . . foliis tribus superioribus ex fusco albicantibus” by Gesner 11.
flg. 68, — “ orchis araneam referens ” by Tournefort inst. 434, and known to grow throughout middle
Europe (Pers.) : observed by Vaillant pl. 30 in the environs of Paris; by Haller pl. 24, in Switzei-
land ; and by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus.
P l u m b a g o E u r o p æ a of Peru ? Called in France “ dentelaire ” from having been used to remove
toothache (Lindl.), in Greece “ lëpithohôrtôn ” ( . . . . ) , in Illyria ■“ curcurida ; ” figured by Gesner
10. f. 83 — (Spreng.); known to Pena as found around Rome‘ (T . Johnson in Ger. emend. 1254);
described also by Columna ecphr. 161 ; termed “ erba di S. Antonio” by Caesalpini, and Micheli
(Targ.), “ p. quorundam” by Tournefort inst. 141; observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
frequent along roadsides from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor and the Greek islands ; but the genus
is essentially Tropical, foreign to the Mediterranean countries, and according to Persoon, P. Europæa
is found also in Peru. The plant according to Lindley is “ very acrid,” recommended as “ a kind of
potential cautery,” and in decoction “ as a stimulating wash.”
P o t a m o g e t ó n p u s i l l u s of all climates. An aquatic figured by Gesner 17. f. 147 — (Spreng.) ;
observed by Vaillant pl. 32 in the environs of Paris — (P e r s .) ; by Bieberstein around Caucasus;
and known to grow from Lapland and Russia to Ireland and Switzerland (Wats.), also on the
Canary Islands (Kunth en.), and in Guinea (fi. nigr.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland;
according to Watson, grows in British America and the United States; and according to A.
Gray, is “ rather common northward.” In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by Gay fl. in
Chili (A. Dec.).
A l l i u m d e s c e n d e n s of the Mediterranean countries. Figured by Gesner 11. f. 96 lig n .—
(Spreng.); described by Rudbeck elys. ii. pl. 160; — and according to Persoon growing in Switzerland
: was observed by Sibthorp abounding on various Greek islands as far as Cyprus and the shores
of Caramania.
A l l i u m n i g r u m of the Mediterranean countries. Figured by Gesner 11. f. 97 lign, — (Spreng.);
observed by Desfontaines i. in Algeria; by Gouan pl. 16 near Montpelier; by Jacquin i. pl. to, in
Austria; by Sibthorp, and Gittard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. “ A . magicum ” observed
by Sauvages 18 near Montpelier, and described by Linnæus, is regarded by Chaubard as not distinct.
O r n i t h o g a l u m A r a b i c u m of Madeira or Barbary. Figured by Gesner l i . f. 95 lign. (Spreng.);
also described by Besler v. pl. 12, — and Rudbeck elys. pl. 130 ; known to occur on Madeira and in
Barbary (Pers.), and received by Linnæus fl. pal. from Egypt (De l.).
“ Dec. 3d ” (./1st., and Nicol. 206 and 264), concluding session of the Council of Trent. — In the
beginning of the following year, the Council and its proceedings were confirmed by pope Pius IV. :
closing the series of general ecclesiastical Councils.
“ 1564 A. D. = 43d year of the ‘ kia-tsing ’ of Chi-tsoung I I . ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning
of the Seventy-first cycle.
“ The same y e a r ” (Talvi i.). by Ivan IV., often called Ivan W . , p r i n t i n g introduced into Russia,
and an edition of the “ A p o s tle ” issued. S c h o o l s were also established by Ivan IV. in all the cities
of his dominions.
“ June 25th” (Hakluyt iii. 323 to 336, and Holmes), arrival in Florida- of Laiidonniere with a
colony of French Protestants, at the river of May (St. John’s) situated “ in thirtie degrees and better”
(J. Hawkins). Not above two leagues “ from the mouth,” he built a fort and named it Caroline ; in
honour c f the reigning king of France, Charles IX.
In Ihe country around (De Bry edit.), J. Le Moyne remarked “ quercus” (g - v i r e n s , Q . f a l c a t a ,
Q . a q u a t i c a , and g . n i g r a ) , “ aquifoiia” ( I l e x o p a c a ) , “ pruna fructu eleganti ” ( P . C h i c a s a ) , and
“ exigui quidam fructus ” called by the French “ bleves ” ( V a c c in i u m ? ) .
“ In this y e a r ” (De Morga 16), under instructions “ to endeavour to pacify” the natives of the
Philippines, “ reduce them to submission,” and “ to receive the holy Catholic faith,” Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi from Mexico arriving at the island of Sebu. He was “ peacefully received,” but the
natives afterwards seeking to kill him, were “ conquered and subjected.” Seeing what had taken
place, the natives of neighbouring islands voluntarily tendered their submission ; and in one house
was found “ a carved image of Jesus,” held in great reverence, and supposed to have “ remained tlieie
from the fleet of Magellan.”
,lra.
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 897
In this year (Schmied. vit. G. p. xxxvii), Gesner writin to Theodorus Zwingger, receiving
montana” i. fig. 18 A . a l p i n a , C o l c h i c u m f a s c i c u l a r e i. fig. cxci, — He died “ Dec. 13th, 1565.”
“ 1565, March i s t ” (Sieb, elucid. Vries p. 98), letter of the jesuit Aloisius Froes from Meaco
in Japan, describing an extensive region three hundred leagues distant inhabited by “ sylvestrium
honiinum” (Ainos), having the whole body hairy and a great beard ancl moustaches which tliey lift
with a stick when about to drink ; are bold in war and much feared by the Japanese, and when
wounded wash the part in salt water, which is their only remedy ; have no “ sacra” religious ceremonies,
only that they are accustomed to venerate heaven. — In Ortelius’s theatrum orbis published
in “ 1570,” the island North of Japan is termed “ Satyrorum Insulam.”
“ September” (Haki., and Holmes), arrival at Fort Caroline of Pedro Melendez, with full power
from Philip II. of Spain “ To drive the Huguenots out of Florida, and settle it with good Catholics.”
The French were massacred, Laudonniere and a few others escaping in a boat: and three forts were
built on the river of May, and strongly garrisoned with Spanish soldiers.
“ 1566 A. D .” (art de verif ), Suliman II. succeeded by Selim II., thirteenth Turkish sultan.
Who wrested Cyprus from the Venetians before the close of the year (Alst, p. 308) ; also, Tunis and
Guleta in Barbary from the Spaniards, and Wallacliia from the Hungarians.
“ Au gu s t” (Alst.), throughout almost all the cities of Belgium, the images removed frum the
churches and demolished : initiating open war against Pliilip II, of Spain.
“ The same y e a r ” (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Gilbertus Geiiebrardus.
“ The same y e a r ” (addit. art de verif.), a red stone called “ llimpi,” used bv a Peruvian to paint
his face before going to war, procured by Henrique Garces, a Portuguese. This led to the discovery
of the q u i c k s i l v e r mines of Huancavelica.
“ In this y e a r ” (Schmied. ed. G. i. 57), Wolph, assisted by Thomas Penneius of London, commencing
the publication of the botanical work of Gesner.
“ 1567 A. D. = ‘ loung-king,’ is t year o f ” Mou-tsoung or “ Mou-tsoung-tcliouang-ti, of the
M in g’’ or Twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). He modified the ancient law, Prohibiting
a magistrate Irom acting in his own province ; and granted some exceptions in favour of mandarins
of the Second order (Pauth. p. 408).
“ July 24th” (Nicol. p. 3S2), queen Mary of Scotland deposed; and the accession of her son
James VI.
One hundred and seventy-sixth generation. Sept. ist, 1567, onward mostly beyond youth: the
Jewish writer As. de Rossi: the Arab writers, Shems-eddin Basrawi, Abdalcader: the Greek writers
Emmanuel Gluzonius d. 1596, Maximus Margounius d. about 1601 : Beza, Petrus Canisius, John
Knox, Radzivil, Josephus Scaliger; Robertus Stephanus, Michael Neander, Frideric Svlburg;
J. Genesius; Paul Manutius ; Casfelvetro ; Frederick Commandin ; Hieronymus Wolfius ; Ronsard:
George Buchanan ; Peter Ramus ; Osorius; James Cujas ; Ciaconins ; Pancirolns ; Carolus Sigonius:
Henry Stephens ; Bodinus ; Montague; Francis Hotomanus ; Riccoboni ; Peter Pithou : Philip Sidney
; Melvill James: the poets, Camoens, Torquato Tasso, and Edmund Spenser; the Slavonic
writers, Truber, and A. Bohorizli: the painters, Paul Veronese d. 1588, Giacomo Robust! calied Tintoretto
d. 1594; the architect Palladio: the musician Orlandus de Lasso.
“ 15.67-8 A. D. (=: A. H. 97S>” Blochm’ann and W. W. Hunter), Muslim conquest of Oris.sa, by
A £ ia n s from Berar and Bengal. Mukund Deva, the last independent king was slain in battle before
.Jajpur; and the sacred city of Puri, including the temple of Jagannath, was c.aptured and plundered
by Kala Paliar.
“ 1568, heb. 23d ( = 25th Shaban A. H. 975 ” of Abul Fazl, Orient, tr.rnsl. lond,), the fortress of
Chaitur in the Rajput country captured by Akbar, emperor o f Northern Hindustan. Matchlocks,
artillery, mining with gunpowder, and \var e l e p h a n t s were employed in the reduction.
In tliis year ( = “ iith year o f Ookimatz,” art de verif.). the ri:!e "dai-seogun” conferred by
Ookimatz on Josijtira, son of Jositir.
“ The same year ” (Blair), defeat at Glasgow of the army o f the ex-queen Mary of Scotland ; and
her withdrawal into England.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckler), after .his Cruydeboeck “ in 1563." Frument. Hist, “ in 1566,” Dodo-
naeus or Dodoens publishing his Coronar. Hist., enumerating H i e r a c i u m u m b e l l a t u m , C a m p a n u l a
r a p u n c n l o i d c s , and C h e n o p o d i n a m a r i i im a *
* C e l o s ia c o c c ín e a of Tropical America, ./n annual, transported to Europe, termed “ amaran-
tlius purpureus” by Dodoens 185 — (C. Bauhin, and Willd.); described also bv Linnæus. W es tward,
“ C. purpurea” of A. Saint-PIilaire, observed in Brazil; is regarded by Steudel as proliably
identical.
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