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“ iigS, Jan. 8th or 9th ” (Alst., and Nicoh), Celestinus I I I . succeeded by cardinal Lothaire de’
Conti di Segni, now Innocentius III,, twentieth pope. The writings of Innocentius III. are voluminous.
“ Towards the close of the twelfth century” (Way pref. pr. pm.), Uguitio or Hugo of Pisa holding
the office of bishop of Ferrara. — He died “ about 1212” (Ughelli). His dictionary is quoted by
Galfridus pr. pm.
Thymus vulgaris of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain thyme
or garden thyme, in France “ tbym ” (Nugent), in which we recognize the tim u m or 11 m K of
Uguitio — and the C. F. vocabulary, identified by Galfridus pr, pm. with the “ tyme herbe T. vulgaris
is described by Brunfels, Tragus, Fuchsius (Spreng.), Dodoens, and Tournefort inst. 196; is
known to grow wild in Italj-, Spain, and Southern France (Pers., and Lenz), and is besides cultivated
throughout middle Europe (Woodv. med. bot. pl. 109). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in mountainous
situations in Greece and on the Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). By
European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation
as a seasoning herb. According to Lindley, “ is fragrant atnd stimulating, its essential oil is
administered to remove flatulence.”
“ The same year” (art de verif ), Melek-Aziz Othman succeeded by Melek-el-Mansur, third Ayoubite
sultan of Egypt. A copper coin issued by Melek-el-Mansur, is flgured in Marcel p. 147.
“ The same year” (Stirling res. Asiat. xv. 315 to 327, and Elphinstone iii. 7), the pagoda of Jagan-
nat, on the Eastern shore of Hindustan, completed.
“ At the end of the Twelfth century” (Pouchet), six different species of seals, Phoca, described
by the Norwegian author of the “ Miroir Royal” — (transl. Einersen p. 176).
“ iigg A. D. (= 1859th of Synmu,” art de verif.), abdication of Toba II. in favour of his eldest
son Tsalsi or Tsutsi, surnamed Mikaddo, now at the age of three years dairo of Japan. In the first
year of his reign, death of Joritomo ; leaving his title of “ twenty ” years standing (Kaempf. ii. 5) to
his own son Jori-sje. — After two years, Jori-sje was slain.
“ In the beginning of the Thirteenth century” (Jap. centen. comm. 106), seeds of the tea plant
brought by the priest Miyoye from China to Japan, and its cultivation introduced.
“ T200 A. D.” (art de verif.), Melek-el-Mansur succeeded by Melek-Adel Seif-Eddin, fourth
Ayoubite sultan of Egypt. Silver and copper coins issued by Melek-Adel, are figured in Marcel
p. 149.
“ In this year (= 6th year khing-youan of Ning-tsoung,” Remus, mei. iii. 88), a letter and tribute
sent to China by the king of Cambodia on his accession. — He reigned “ twenty” years.
“ The same year” (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Dodechinus.
One hundred and sixty-fifth generation. Jan. ist, 1201, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish
writers, Samuel ben Samson, Charisi, R. Isaac the blind, Sheshet ha-Nassi, and Samson of Germany;
the Arab writer Boha-eddin : the Greek writers, Nicetas Choniates d. 1216, and Balsamon d. 1204:
Conradus Urspergensis, Honorius Augustudunensis ; William of Newburgh ; Campanus of Lombardy ;
Gervase of Canterbury ; Ralph of Diceto ; Saxo Grammaticus ; Walter of Coventry; Accursius ;
Antonius of Padua: the astronomer Jean de Sacrobosco (Pouchet).
“ The same year” (Nicoh), by a synod at Paris, Evrard of Nevers convicted of heresy and
burned.
“ 1202 A. D. (= 599 A. H.” of Ferisht, Elph.), death of Gheias u-din. Shahab-u-din or Mohammed
Ghori now becoming sole sultan of Ghor and Ghazni.
“ 1203 A. D. (=600 A. H.” of Ferisht, Elph.), Shahab-u-din proceeding North against Kharizin,
defeated by the Khitan Tartars.
“ In this year” (Blair), Fourth crusade. Sailing from Venice, the expedition arrived on the “ 14th
of June ” at Chalcedon.
Ibn Roshd or Averrhoes at this time writing. — He died “ in 1217.”
Geranium molle of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain culver foot
(Cockayne), and probably one of the four kinds of “ pede columbino,” little differing, known to Averr-
boes — (J. Jacobi de Manliis): the “ pes columbae” of ms. Bodley 536, and “ geran columbina” of
Lyte are referred here by Cockayne : G. molle is termed “ g. columbinum minus majori flore et foliis
florum bifidis ” by Tournefort inst. 268 ; is known to occur in waste and fallow ground from Denmark
throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan pl. 679, Vaill. paris pl. 15, Pers., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by
Forskal near Marseilles ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands.
(See G. columbinum).
Geranium dissectum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Probably one of the four kinds
of “ pede columbino” known to Averrhoes — (J. J. de Manl.) : G. dissectum is termed “ g. coliimbi-
num maximum foliis dissectis” by Tournefort inst. 268 ; is known as a weed in waste and cultivated
ground from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 936, Curt. lond. vi. pl. 45, Vaill. paris
pi. IS, Cavan, iv. pl. 78, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus
and other parts of Greece; by Delile, in the cultivated fields of Lower Egypt.
Geranium Pyrenaicum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Probably the fourth kind
of “ pede columbino” known to Averrhoes — (J. J. de Manl.) : G. Pyrenaicum is termed “ g. columbinum
perenne pyrenaicum maximum” by Tournefort inst. 268; is known to grow wild in middle
Europe (Lorey and Dur.), and naturalizecl as far as Normandy, Paris, Britain, and Ireland (Cav, iv.
pl. 99, Curt. lond. iii. pl. 42, Wats., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp from mount Athos to
the Peloponnesus.
“ 1204 A. D. = 4th year of the ‘kia-tai ’ of Ning-tsoung, and 4th year of the ‘ tai-ho ’ of Tchang-
tsoung” of the Kin (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Sixty-fifth cycle.
“ The same year” (. . . . F. Mason i. 6 and iii, 67), in Burmah, by Nara-padi-scethu, king of
Pugan, building of the great pagoda at Tavoy point*
“ The same year ” (Blair), after “ about three hundred years ” separation, Normandy conquered
and re-united with France. — Three years afterwards, towns in Normandy were elected into corporations,
Rouen, and Falaise being the first
“ The same year” (Blair), the Inquisition instituted. Against the Albigenses.
“ July 20th ” (Alst, and Blair), Constantinople captured by the crusaders, and “ a great number
of libraries" there destroyed by the soldiers (Ramusius, Gibbon, Michaud, and Pouchet). Henri
Baldwin was now made king, under the spiritual dominion of the pope : the Venetians receiving as
their share the island of Crete. Alexis III. was however succeeded at Adrianople by Theodorus Las-
caris as the legitimate Byzantine emperor.
The “ Chronicle of the conquest of Constantinople ” by Geoffrey de Villehardouin, almost the
earliest literary production by a layman (rudim. chron. Lond.).
“ 1205 A. D. (= 602 ann. H.,” J. T. Blunt as. res. iv. p. 316), accession of Cultub Shaw as sultan
of Delhi. — He reigned five years ; and his tomb is pointed out near the Cuttub Minar tower.
About this time (== “ about six hundred years ” before 1804, tradit., and Colebrooke as. res. viii.
467), the celebrated Sri Bhagavata composed by a grammarian.
“ 1206, March 14th (=602 A. H., Shaban 2d ” of Ferisht., Elph.), Sbahab-u-din, during a second
expedition against Kharium, assassinated on the Indus by a band of Gakkars, who had lost relatives
in his wars. Kutb-u-din now became first sultan of Delhi, and received the insignia of royalty from
Mahmud Ghori, the successor of Shahab-u-din.
“ In this year” (Yule p. cxvii, and Pauth. 348), the Western Tartars acquiring prominence in
History, Chinghiz elected khan and invited by Ning-tsoung to aid him against the Kin.
1208 A. D.” (rudim. chron. Lond.), England laid under an interdict by the pope.
“ The same year ” (Alst., and Pouchet), a mendicant Order of monks founded by Franciscus ;
and named from him “ Franciscans.” — The Dominicans were founded eight years later. For the
next two or three centuries, nearly all the distinguished writers belong to the mendicant monastic
Orders (Pouchet).
“ 1209 A. D. = 1st year of the ‘ ta~ngan ’ of Tchou-young-ki, of the Kin,” ruler of Northern
China— (Chinese chron. table).
“ In this year” (Tchao yuan phing, and Klapr. mem. ii. 331), the “ fourth ” of Jenghiz-khan,
voluntary submission of Barchu-Arte-Tieghin, chief of the Ouigours, a Turkish tribe on the Selenga.
“ I 2 I 0 A. D.” (Blair), the persecution against the Albigenses very severe.
“ October” (Alst., and Nicoh, see also Blair), a synod at Paris. “ Fourteen disciples of Aumari”
or Almaric were condemned to be burned ; together with the metaphysical writings of Aristotle, just
imported from Constantinople and translated into Latin.
“ The same year (= 607 ann. H.,” Elph,, and J. T. Blunt as. res. iv. 316), Kutb-u-din Eibak
succeeded by his son Aram, — and within a twelvemonth by Altamsh, now sultan of Delhi.
“ 1211 A. D. (= 1871st of .Synmu,” art de verif.), abdication of Tsatsi-mikaddo in favour of his
younger brother Siuntoku, now dairo of Japan. Sonnetomo, second son of Joritomo, being refused
the title of his father and brother, commenced war, —built the first ships o f w ar seen in Japan, and
at length obtained confirmation of the title of cubo.
“ The same year” (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the cathedral at Rheims.
“ 1212 A. D.” (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Robertus de Monte.
“ 1213 A. D. = 1st year of the ‘ tchi-ning’ of Tchou-young-ki of the Kin, who died in this year;
and 1st year of the ‘ tchin-yeou’ of his successor Hiouan-tsoung” — (Chinese chron. table).
“ July” (Nicol ), a synod at St. Albans. King John, on swearing to observe tlie laws of Edward
III. the Confessor and of Henry, was reconciled to the prelates and barons.*
* Aelhusa cyiiapium of middle and Northern Europe. Called in Britain fooPs parsley, and
apparently the same plant by old writers “ ass-parsley ” (Prior) : the b r i d d e S n e s t identified in
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