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Rumex (Acetosa) acetosella of Northern climates. Called in Britain sheep's sorrel (Prior), in
Italy “ acetosella ” or “ acetosa minore ” or “ ossalide minore ” (Lenz), in Greece “ ôxulithi ” (Sibth.) ;
and possibly included in the “ lapathôn agrión ” of Theophrastus, — and “ ôxalis ” of Nicander : the
“ lapathon agrión mikron” is described by Dioscorides as humble and having leaves like those of
“ óxalitlia : ” R. acetosella was observed by Sibthorp, Cliauliard, and Fraas, frequent from tlie
Peloponne.ttis tliroughout the Greek i.slands to tlie Bithynian Olympus ; by Hasselquist, at Damietta
in Egypt ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Wats.). Westward, is described by Dodoens pl. 639 ;
is termed “ acetosa arvensis lanceolata” by Tournefort inst. 503; was observed by Pollin! in Italy,
by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in siliceous soil throughout middle and Northern
Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Wats., and A. Dec.). Farther West, is known to grow on Iceland
and Greenland; was observed by Higgeson, one of the first settlers, around Salem in New England;
by Nuttall, “ indubitably native ” along the Arkansas river; but throughout our Atlantic States has
greatly multiplied in sterile soil wherever the forest has been removed. Clearly by European colonists,
was carried to Austral Africa (Drège and Mey.); to the Falkland Islands, observed around
dwellings there by J. D. Hooker ii. 341.
Beta marítima o f the shores of the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic. Called
in Britain sea beet (Prior), in Greece “ agria sëskôula ” (Fraas) ; and the T E YTA I C of Theophrastus
VII. 7. 2, a potherb requiring cooking,— is referred here by Fraas; B. maritima was observed by
Sibthorp, and Fraas, in salt marshes and on muddy shores from the Peloponnesus to the Black
Sea ; by Delile, from the Mediterranean shore as far as Cairo. Westward, is termed “ b. sylvestris
maritima” by Tournefort inst. 502, “ b. decumbens” by Moench; and is known to grow along the
seashore as far as Britain (Mill), decumbent according- to Persoon with triangular leaves. (See B.
vuigari s ) .
Ficu s sur of the mountains .of Yemen. Called there “ sur ” (Forsk.) ; and the tree called in
Crete KYnPIAC: CYKHC, resembling according to Theophrastus iv. 2. 3 the sycamore and in
like manner bearing fruit on its trunk and old branches, this fruit resembling a fig and edible, as large
as a K O K K Y M H A 0 N, translated “ sorbi ” by Pliny xiii. 15, is referred here by Sprengel : F. sur
was observed by Forskal p. i8o near Djoblæ, a tree “ sycomoro similis,” fruit crowded “ prope trun-
cum,” as large as a pigeon’s egg and edible.
Hemiaria glabra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain rupture wort
(Prior), in Italy “ millegrana,” in Greece “ asphëthila” (An gu ill); and the EAAEBOPINHC of
Theophrastus ix. 10. 2, a little herb whose seed is taken with hellebore to promote vomiting, is
identified through Syn. Diosc. with the “ ëpipaktis ” of Dioscorides, referred here by Angiiillara
(Spreng.): the “ ëpipaktis” is described by Dioscorides as a diminutive shrub with most diminutive
leaves, drank in deadly affections and against diseases of the liver, is further identified in-the added
Synonyms with the “ vôriôn : ” H. glabra was observed by Anguillara p. 282 in Macedonia and
Greece, employed in conformity with the account of Dioscorides (Spreng.) ; by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the account
by Pliny xxvii. 52 of the “ epipactis ” or “ elleborine” seems taken from Dioscorides ; H. glabra was
observed by Anguillara in Illyria and Italy ; is described also by Tragus f. 200, and Tournefort inst.
507 ; is termed “ h, fruticosa ” by Gouan (Steud.) ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe
as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 529, and Pers.).
Hemiaria fruticosa oi the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included with the preceding : —
observed by Delile near Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, described
by Lobel pl. 85 ; and known to grow in Spain and Southern France (Pers.).
Ulmus campestris of Nortliern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain
wych-elm (from being used to make the chests called in Anglo-Saxon “ hwæcce,” by Chaucer
“ wiche,” by Ca.xton “ whutche,” and in French “ huche,” the word elm occurring in Anglo Saxon
and with very little ch a n p throughout the Germanic languages, “ alrar” in Icelandic, “ a im” or
“ ælm” or “ elm” in Danish, “ olm ” in Dutch, “ olm ” or “ ilme” or “ ulme” in different German
dialects (Prior), at Constantinople “ gaurô ” (Forsk.), and the OPEOHTEAEAo f Theophrastus iii.
14. I , a lofty tree growing on mount Id a,— may be compared; U. campestris was observed by
Forskal near Constantinople. Westward, the “ atinia” identified by Columella wiih the Gallic elm,
or “ atinias gallicas ” named according to Pliny xvi. 29 to xvii. 15 from their lofty stature, are referred
here by Daubeny : U. campestris is known to grow wild tliroughout middle and Northern Europe
(Engl. bot. pl. 1S86, A. Dec., and Lindl.). By European colonists was carried to Northeast America,
where it continues to be planted for ornament.
S a lix h elix of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Willows never becoming trees are
mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 13. 7, and the EAIKHN of the Arcadians — is referred here by
writers: the “ helicem ” according to Pliny x v i 69 is the humblest of three kinds of willow known
in Asia Minor : S. helix was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in the marshes of Greece. Westward,
the “ amara” kind of V irgil e e l i. 79, maybe compared : S. helix is termed “ s. humilis capitulo
squamoso ” by Tournefort inst. 591, “ s. monandra ” by Hoffmann ; was observed by Pollini in Italy ;
and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. p l 1343, and Pers.). “ S. purpurea,”
termed “ s. vulgaris nigricans folio non serrato” by Tournefort inst. 590, also seen by Sibthorp in
the marshes of Greece, and known to grow as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and Wats.), its
bark according to Lindley “ the most bitter ” of all, is regarded as not distinct : by European colonists
according to Carey, was introduced into the “ low grounds” of Canada and our Northern
States.
F inn s pence of the mountains of Northern Greece. The f lEYKH: lAAIA of Theophrastus iii.
9. I, taller and straighter than the flA PA A I A kind, with thicker leaves and the cone longer and less
dehiscent, — or the “ excelsa ” kind of Latin writers, is referred here by J. D. Hooker linn. j. viii. 31 :
P. peuce was observed by Griesbach on mount Peristeri in Macedonia (Daub .); the alleged “ P.
sylvestris ” seen by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus, may also be compared.
Abies excelsa of Northern Europe and Asia and mountains farther South. Called in Britain
spruce or spruce-fir (Prior), in Italy “ pezzo” or “ abeto ro sso” or “ abeto di Germania” (Lenz);
and the EAATH : 0 HAEIAof Macedonia, distinguished by Theophrastus iii. 9. 6, — is referred here
by Fraas; A. excelsa was observed by him in Greece, but not South of mount Pindus. Westward,
the “ abie s” is mentioned by Plautus, Virgil, Propertius, the timber according to Pliny xvi. 38 and
76 in great request for spars and masts, and the foliage pectinated like that of “ picea ; ” was observed
by Caesar v. t2 in Gaul, and the “ abies g a llica ” is expressly mentioned by Palladius nov. xv. 11 :
piles or posts of A. excelsa occur in the early lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon), and the tree is
known to grow on the Alps and Appenines, the Pyrenees, Carpathians, and throughout Northern
Europe as far as Lat. 68° 15, but in Britain occurs only planted for ornament (Pers , Buch, A. Dec.,
Daub, and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues
under cultivation.
Asplénium ruta-muraria of Northern Climates. A fern called in Britain wall-rue (Prior) ;
and the fl H FAN I ON enumerated by Theophrastus i. 10. 4 among plants whose leaves are fleshy
but not thickened, — may be compared : A. ruta-muraria was observed by Sibthorp in rock-clefts
from mount Parnassus to Constantinople. Westward, the “ rutula” is mentioned by Cicero (Ainsw.):
A. ruta-muraria is described by Matthioli 734, and Lobel adv. 362 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ ruta
muraria” by Tournefort inst. 541 ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe
(Engl. bot. p l 150). Farther West, is known to grow on “ limestone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan,
Virginia, and southward along the mountains” (A. Gray, and Chapm.); was however observed by
Conrad near Philadelphia, and by Nuttall along the Arkansas.
Asplénium adiantum-nigrum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece
“ skorpithi” (Sibth.) or “ skropithi ” or “ skrôpithôhôrton ” (Fraas), and the APYOFI TEPIC of
Theophrastus, — growing according to Dioscorides on the moss-clad portion of old oaks and resembling
the “ ptërithi” but much smaller, roots hairy at tlie junction, and employed for extirpating hair,
is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas ; A. adiantnm-nigrum was observed by them in Greece, not
infrequent in shady places and on mounds, sometimes on old oaks as described by Dioscorides.
Westward, the “ thruôptëris ” or “ ptëriôn” or “ numphaia p të r is ” is identified in the Syn. Diosc.
with tlie “ philiklam” of the Romans: the “ dryopteris ” is mentioned by Pliny xxvii. 48, the bruised
root constituting “ psilothrum ” (depilatory ointment), but his account of the plant seems taken from
Dioscorides : A. adiantum-nigrum is termed “ filicula quæ adiantum nigrum officinarum” by Tournefort
inst, 542 ; and is known to grow in middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 1950).
Usnea florida of Northern Climates. The a>AC KON described by Theophrastus iii. 8 as growing
in rags pendent and lioary on the branches of oaks, — is referred here by Fraas : U. florida was
observed bySibthorp 011 trees around Athens and in Boeotia. Farther South, the “ oschnah ” is
mentioned by Avicenna as growing even on the walnut (Spreng.) ; and the “ aschnah ” is also mentioned
by Ebn Baitar. Westward, U. florida is described by Tournefort inst. 550; is termed “ u.
vulgatissima tenuior et brevior cum orbiculis ” by Dillenius 69. pl. 13. f. 13 ; and is known to grow
throughout the wooded portion of Europe (E n g l Irot. pl. 872). Farther West, a species regarded as
identical is frequent on forest-trees in North America.
Usnea barbata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia.' Perhaps included in the “ phaskôn ”
of Theophrastus : — U. barbata was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, in the woods of Greece and
on the Bithynian Olympus, and called “ anëraithôhôrtôn.” Westward, is termed “ u. barbata loris
tenuibus fibrosis” by Dillenius 63. pl. 12. f. 6; is known to grow throughout the wooded portion of
Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 25S) ; and according to Sprengel in common with the preceding species
becomes more fragrant when growing on trees of the pine tribe.
Alectoria jiibata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The 'F AC KO N growing according
to Theophrastus iii. 8 on the AAl 'FAOIOC but shorter and blackish, — maybe compared; A .
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