thacar was incarnate in the terrestrial world, and (reforming errors and
making laws) took upon himself the office of Guru of the Jains (of whom
5 sects existed, as the Sanchya, Saugata, Charvaca, Yoga, Mimansa).
After composing some books, the Guru (whose son of Bharata Chacravarti
conquered the whole earth) appointed his disciple Ajita in his place (and
departed from the world). The principal Tirthancars or pontiffs incarnate
are: 1) Vrishabhanata, 2) Ajita, 3) Sambhava, 4) Abhinandana, 5) Sur-
n ati, 6) Padmaprabha, 7) Suparswa, 8) Chandaprabha, 9) Pushapadanta,
10) Sitala, 11) Sreyansa, 12) Vasupujva, 33) Vimala, 14) Ananta,
15) Dharma, 16) Santi, 17) Cunthu, 18) Ara, 19) Malli, 20) Munisuvrata,
21) Nami, 22) Nemi, 23) Parswa, 24) Vardhamana. Up to the Kaliyuga
the world reigned by 12 Nara Chacravarti in succession (being Jains),
as 1) Bharata, 2) Sagara, 3) Machavan, 4) Sanatcumara, 5) Santi, 6) Cunthu,
7) Arasubhuma, 8) Subhuma, 9) Padma, 10). Harishena, 11) Jaya, 12) Brah-
madatta. The 9 Ardhachacravarti (half-Sovereigns) who reigned besides
them, were called Yasudevacula, as 1) Aswagriwa, 2) Taraga, 3) Meruca,
4) Nisunbha, 5) Cattabha, 6) Bali, 7) Prahavana, 8) Ravana, 9) Jarasan-
dhra. Their government was by overthrown by the race of Prati-vasu-
deva-eula, as 1) Triprishtra, 2) Dwiprishta, 3) Swayambhu, 4) Purushot-
tama, 5) Purushavara, 6) Pundariea, 7) Datta, 8) Lacshmidara, 9) Navayana.
The title, of the other inferior kings was Mandaladhisa. Indrabhuti, the
eldest disciple of Vardhamana (the 24. Tirthancara), was surnamed Gautama
, because he was of that family of Gotra. Sudharma was the only
one of Vardhamana’s disciples, who left successors. In ancient times there
was at Belligola an image, self formed from earth, under the shape of
Gomat Iswara Swami, which Ravana, the monarch of the Racshasas worshipped,
to obtain happiness. Ramanuja (the Vaishnava reformer),, after
having worsted (at Belligola) the Jains (in their disputations on religion
and law) erected a pillar (with the symbols of the Sancha and Chacra
inscribed), cutting of a piece of the finger on the left hand of Gomat
Iswar Swami. The Sannyasis (who have relinquished the world and all
carnal pleasures) become (after death) Siddha (and do not worship the
devatas, as their inferiors). The Sannyasis (of the Jains) never shave,
but pull out all their hair by the roots. The Basti (covered temples)
contain 24 sitting images. The Bettu (open area) contains the gigantic
image of Gomata Raja, who (while on earth) was a powerful king. The
Arhatas ore frequently confounded by the Brahmans (who follow the
Vedas) with the Saugatas (worshipers of Buddha), but so far are the Arhatas
from aknowledging Buddha, as their teacher, that they do not think,
(black) by a tortoise etc. etc. Nemi (Arishtanemi), son of king Snmndrajaya by Siva, of the
line Harivansa, is described of blaek complexion (with a conch as his sign). Ein Aracanese
zerschlug ein Buddhabild, das die in dessen Hat gelassenen Fische nicht gegen die Yögel ver-
theidigte (s. Malcolm).
he is now even a Devata, but allege, that he is undergoing various low
metamorphoses, as a punishment for his errors. The Jains deny the creation
of man, as well as of the world. They allow, that Brahma was the
son of a king, and that he is a D evata and the favourite servant of Gomata
Raja, but they deny his creative powers. Brahma and the other D evatas
are represented in a posture of adoration, whorshipping the Siddha,
to whom the temple is dedicated. The chief book of the Arhatas (Jai-
nas) is called Yoga (written in Sanscrit and the Carnata-charakter) and
is explained by 24 puranas of thé Rishi Vrishabha Sayana. The Gods
of the Arhatas are the spirits of prefect men, who by their great virtue
became exempt from all change and misfortune. These Siddhas reside
in the heaven Moesha and it is by their worship only, that future happiness
can be obtained. The first person, who by his virtue arrived at
this elevated station, was Adiparameswara (Jineswara or God) and by
worshipping him, the favour of all the Siddhas may be procured. The servants
of the Siddhas are Devatas or the spirits of good and great men,
who, although not so perfect as to obtain an exemption from all future
change, yet live in an inferior heaven, called Swarga, where for a certain
lenght of time, they .enjoy great power and happiness, according to the
merit of the good Works, which they performed as men. Swarga is situated
higher in the regions of the air, than the summit of Mount Meru, and
its inhabitants ought to be worshipped by men, as they possess the
power of bestowing temporal blessings. Vishnu (of the Vedas) was (according
to the Arhatas) a Raja, who for the performance of good works was
bom again a Raja, of the name of R am a , and (being first a great hero
and conqueror) afterwards retired from the pleasures of the world, became
a, Sànnyasi and lived a life of such purity , that he obtained Siddhi
(beatitude) under the name of Jina (which the had assumed, when giving
up his earthly kingdom).. Maheswara (Siva) and Brahma are at present
Deva tas, but inferior in power and rank to Indra (the chief of Swarga).
The heaven of Swarga contains 16 stages with 10 many different kinds
of Devatas, who live in proportional bliss. An inferior kind of Devatas,
called Vyantaras, live on Mount Meru. The various Saktis are Vyantaras
living on Mount Meru, but of a malevolent disposition. Below Maha Meru
and the earth is situated Bhuvana or hell (in 10 stages) the residence of
the spirits of wicked men (Rashas and Asuras). Except the earth (Arya
or Bharata) which is liable to renovation and destruction, the world is
eternal. During the 24. Tirthancar (Vardhamana Swami) the Mandaladhisa,
called Srenica Maharaj, who reigned in Rajagrihapur, protected the
people and the religion of the Jain-sect. Afterwards the kings Chamun-
daraya, Janantaraya and others (9 Cholarus and 9 Ballols) governed the
dominions of Hindustan to the time of Bijjalraya, who ruled in Calyana.
Afterwards the Dacshin was conquered by the Sabdapramans (who admit
the authoritz of the Vedas). Ih e n the kingdom was ruled by Pratap