r é ; ' iti
i r
t ï m h
varieties of the stove fruits, before the middle of the
month. (2941.) Look over th e grafted trees, and
slacken the bandages of your earlier and most ad-
vanced grafts and buds.
Ornamental trees and slirubs. Plant cuttings of
hardy evergreens, as laurel-bay, privet, box. &c., m
th e last fortnight. (2493.) Provide heath and bog-
earth for American and other sorts. (1151.) Go on
with budding ra re species.
Forest trees. Sow elm seed, if you have not done
it before, or do not choose to defer it till spring.
(6111.)
Routine cuUure. Hoe, weed, &c., and keep
every part in perfect o rd e r; look to your k itchen
crops and ripening seeds. Prepare ground
from which kitchen crops have been removed for
planting.
10. Trees. — Permanent plantations and
park sceneiy.
Plant (5811.) evergreens in the last week, if the
weather is moist. Wa ter to settle the roots, aud
mulch and stake according to circumstances.
Prune the birch, wild cherry, and maple tnTje, a t
the end of the month, when the lejives are beginning
to fall, as they are apt to bud later or earlier.
(5860.) Evergreens a tth e end of the month.
Prepare ground for planting next month, either
by ploughing, digging, trenching, or pitting, as th e
case may be. (59-55. and 5958.)
Dcstrwj ferns, nettles, and other bulky weeds in
park scenery, by bruising their stems with th e
weeding pincers, close by the su rface; as cutting
them over is found a less permanent check to their
flowering again.
SEPTEMBER.
London -
Edinburgh
Dublin
Average of
the Thermometer.
59 63
54 3
59 35
Greatest
Variation
from tlie
Average
of tho
Barometer.
30 09
29 759
30 239
0-482 inch.
5-470
5-021
REMARKS.
Tho temperature begins now to decline and to vary; the
nights begin to lengtlicn, and heavy dews and diminished
transpiration and evaporation render artificial waterirgin
theopen airless necessary, unless against trees on walls, to
keep down insects. Many varieties of fraits ripen during
this and the former month, which the young gardener
ought to study, and, wlien he can afford time from other
studios, ho should make drawings of a few.
1. Kalendar of animated nature round
London.
In ihc firs t week : young broods of goldfinches
(Fringllla Carduèüs) ap p e ar; th e linnet (Linaria
Linòta) congregates ; the bull (Fós Taurus) makes
his shrill autumnal noise ; and swallows ( Wirúndo
riistica) sing.
Second week : common owls (Strix stridula ' hoot ;
the saffron butterfly (Còliai Hÿald) and willow red
under-wing moth (Noctua inepta) appear ; herrings
( Clùpea .Haréngus) are now cheap. ^
Thirdwee k: the ring-ouzel ( 7 \irdus torquatus)
appears ; the flycatcher (Muscícapa Atricapilla)
withdraws.
Fourth week : the stare (Stúrnus vulgàris) congregates
; th e woodlark ( / l a ú d a arbòrea) sings ;
the woodcock (Scólopax rústicola) and fieldfare
( TMrdus pilàris) appear ; and the swallow (Hirúndo
rústica) departs.
2. Kalendar of vegetable nature round
London.
I n the fir s t week : some fungi appear ; traveller’s
joy (Clématis Vitálba) and P arna ssia palustris and
F a llo ta nigra in flower.
Second toeek : catkins of th e hazel and birch
formed ; blossoms, and green, red, and black berries
found on the bramble a t th e same time ; leaves of
the sycamore, birch, lime, mountain ash, and elm
begin to change.
Third week : the ivy (Hédera Hèlix), laurel
( CêrasusLaurocérasus), audfurze ( [Tlex europæ'a)
in flower.
Fourth week : hips, haws, and nuts n p e ; leaves
of plane tree (Plâtanus) tawny ; of the hazel, yellow
; of th e oak, yellowish green ; of the sycamore,
dirty browu ; of the maple, pale yellow ; of the ash,
fine lemon ; of the elm, orange ; of the hawthorn,
tawny yellow ; o fth e cherry, red ; of the hornbeam,
b right yellow ; of the willow, hoary.
3. Kitchen-garden. — Culinary vegetables.
Sow (3992.) small salads twice or thrice on a south
border, chervil, corn-salad, cress of sorts may still be
sow'n to stand over winter. (3961. to 3975.) Radish
in the first week for a late autumn crop. (3708.)
Lettuce in th e first week for standing the winter
under a south wall, and under cold frames. (3902.)
Spinach in the first fortnight for use late in spring.
cucumbers and melons, at night, by matting
or otherwise, as the case may be.
Propagate (4078.), as in April, culinary herbs and
under shrubs.
Transplant (3906.) all articles intended for use the
current autumn, during the first week. The bras-
sica tribe, leeks, celery, endive, &c. for winter aud
spring use. Seedling cauliflowers, where you think
vou can insure their standing through the winter.
T ry a bed of sandy loam or lime rubbish under a
tree or south wall. (3495.) Make plantations of
herbs.
Routine cuUure. E a rth up and stir only in dry
weather. Stick, stop, support, cut down, blanch,
and thin where you see it necessary ; no time is to
be lost a t this season.
Taking crops. (3C21.) Take up potatoes, and do
it ejfectualty. Gather pickling cucumbers, onions,
nasturtium' seeds, and other pickling articles. Gath
e r herbs and take ripe seed. Remove all decayed
leaves, haulm, stems, &c., and the remains of
all crops, which have been taken, So as to preserve
order and neatness, and make way for other crops
or winter fallows.
Destroy insects and vermin. (2460.)
Store-room and cellar. Dress, sort, and put up
seeds which have been well dried. Finish liousing
edible bulbs of the alliaceous tribe and potatoes
(3622. and 3775.)
4. Hardy fmit department.
Plant (4632.) strawberries for a main plantation,
this being the best month in the year for that p u rpose.
(4630.) P o t strawberries for forcing. (3297.)
Prepare ground for p la n tin g ; and towards the
end of the month, if the wood of young peach and
apricot trees be ripe, you may remove them.
P rune (25(>4.) and regulate summer shoots, but
cut little after th e middle oi' th e month. Thin
leaves sparingly.
Routine culture. Provide composts for recruiting
old borders and forming new ones. Protect choice
fruit, especially grapes, from birds and flies. After
the crops of wail trees or compartment borders
are gathered, dig and dress the borders. Dress and
fork up strawberry beds.
Take (4421.) peaches, grapes, earlyapples, pears,
plums, &c., the dessert sorts, with fruit-gatherer,
and sorts for th e kitchen, witb th e hand gloved.
Choose, if possible, dry weather for gathering all
sorts of fruit.
Destroy insects, especially acarus, and guard
against wasps, and large blue flies.
Fruitroom. (2192.) Layup ap p le sandpea rsfor
keeping a few months ; in general, th e long keeping
sorts ripen late in the season.
5. Culinary hothouse department.
Glass case without artificial hent. Sow small salads
under hand glasses or frames in the last week.
(1989.) Take off the glasses from cauliflower plants
in all mild days.
Hotbeds and pits. Attend to late crops of melons
and cucumbers ; keep up the temperature, and be
discreet in th eu seo fw a te r. (3253. a n d 3268.) Begin
to build mushroom beds, either in or out of doors.
This month and March are th e two best seasons.
P lant suckers and crowns of pines on rotten tan
placed on dung, or other fermenting beds or pits.
Pinery. (3045.) You will still have abundance of
f r u it ; attend to what was said in July. Renovate
your bark or leaf beds when necessary, and keep up
" ' ’ ■ ■■” — '■-uit is the full heat till your fruit ii chiefly ripened off, or
removed (pot and all) to the fruit room to ripen
leisurely. Your young plants will grow faster in
this month than in any month of the year.
Forcing-houses. (31fj3.) Late crops of grapes will
be coming in, but most of th e forcing-houses will
now be in a state of rest. Keep off all the sashes,
unless you mean to force very early, in which case
cover the house with mats from the sun, and admit
air from the north, in order to promote a cool dry
atmosphere, as best for hybernation.
6. Elower-gardcn. — Open-ground department.
.Souiithe primula tribe, if uot done last month.
(5247. and 5291.) The seeds of most biennials and
perennials may be sown this month with advantage,
provided you can afford protection to them in
winter. On the whole, however, it appears better to
defer the business till spring, unless with a few sorts
which sometimes lie a whole year before they come,
up, when sown at that season. Among them may
be enumerated columbine, agrimony, chelone, &c.
If sown now, their seeds will come up the following
spring, and they will flower the same season.
Propagate (5470.) by all th e modes, but more especially
from slips, rooted or unrooted, the stalky
p a rt ot herbaceous plants being now of a proper
tex tu re and maturity for this purpose.
Plant crocus and other bulbs, and such autumn-
flowering bulbs as you have neglected to plant early
in spring. (5480.)
Transplant as in last month.
Shelter. (5271.) If the end of the month be wet,
hoop and mat such plants as wiil be injured by over
much wet. Among these are the primula tribe
and tender annuals planted in groups over the bor-
ders ; also bulbs, as the tuberose and Guernsey lily,
planted or plunged in the borders.
Routine culture. Prepare ground for florists’
flowers. Trench and sift the earth where tulips and
hyacinths are to be planted, a t least three feet
deep.
Storeroom. See to roots and seeds.
7. Flower-garden. — Hotliouse department.
Glass case without artificial heat. (5118.) Replace
th e more tender auriculas in the frames ; but keep
off the glasses, except when it rains.
Hotbeds. See last month. (5131.) Most of the
greenhouse and hothouse plants will now be advanced
: remove them to cold frames, or to the
greenhouse or dry stove, according to their natures,
to harden them gradually. Some may go directly
to the stove.
Greenhouse. The beginnmg of this month is a
fit time to repair, paint, glaze, and clean the flues,
&c. of every description of house not in crop. Replace
some of the more tender plants from the open
air at the beginning, and the whole in the course
of the last week of the month. Dress them properly,
and set them in natural groups, not in the
usual method.
D r y stove. Replace all th e succulents and other
plants, which you had put in the open air, and a r range
every part of your stage for the winter. If
you cannot form natural groups, at least put every
genus by itself.
Bark or moist stove. Begin to lessen the stimuli
towards the end of the month, in order to harden
for th e approaching winter. P la n t bulbs which
have been taken up and dried. Attend to routine
culture.
8. Pleasure-ground and shmbbery.
Plant (5811.) evergreens generally; deciduous
species in the last week.
Prune (.5860.) evergreens all th e month ; deciduous
species when the leaves are dropped.
Routinecullurea&in lastmonth. Removeallde-
cajdng flowers that do not bear ornamental seeds or
berries. Dress and mow turf, and roll and clean
gravel.
Form and repair lawns, or verges, o r grassy
glades.
9. Trees.— Nursery department.
Fruit trees. (5993.) Sow cherry and plum stones
for stocks, also peach and almond stones for the
same purpose, or for new varieties. Gooseberry and
currant cuttings may be planted in the last week of
the month, in sheltered dry situations, where they
will not be much damaged by alternate frosts and
thaws in winter.
Transplant (5994.) stocks from th e seed-bed to
the lines, where they are to remain to be grafted.
Look to thebudded and grafted trees. The m atting
may generally be removed early in the month.
Ornamental trees and shrubs. (5364.) Sow b rier
and other rose seeds. Plant cuttings of hardy evergreens.
Take off layers of the sorts which havo
been laid two years, or which root well within one
season. P la n t cuttings of a few of the deciduous
shrubs which are most hardy, or of tree-currant,
ivy, honeysuckle, yellow-berried elder, &c. Take
off suckers, and plant them in nursery rows.
Forest trees. Gather and sow all sorts of deciduous
tree seeds. If you do not sow them, take
tbem to the seed-loft or rot-heap for preservation.
P la n t and prune evergreens, as also the wild cherry,
birch, and sycamore. Gather seeds of all sorts now
ripe. 10. Teees. — Permanent plantations and
park-sceneiy.
Thin woods and coppices ; and, where th e trees
are wanted, take them carefully up ; if they are
large, they should have been previously prepared a
year ago. (5844.)
Plant (5811.) deciduous trees, generally, and even
the larch, spruce fir, and Scotch pine.
Prepare for planting by fencing and all the subsequent
processes. (.5955.)
Operate on ground, and recommence building
walls or other works belonging to the department
of landscape-gardening.
OCTOBER.
Weather
at
Average of
the Tlier-
mometer.
Greatest
Variation
from tho
Average.
Average
of tho
Barometer.
Quantity
of Rain.
REMARKS.
Grapes and other late fruits ripen during this month,
aud somc main culinary crops are gathered and housed.
A few specimens of plants may still be collected, and
London -
Edinburgh
DubUu -
53 81
49 7
51
4 29 69
29 339
29 76
2 027 inch.
5'254
2-708
being siiould be neglected from the worm upwards.
Collections of spiders are best made during this month,
and the young gardener may continue to dissect and
study tho pulpy fruits.
1. Kalendar of animated nature round
London.
I n the firs t week : the redwing (Tûrdus fliacus)
arrives ; snakes and vipers bury themselves.
Secondweek: hooded crows (Córvus Córnix) and
wood pigeons (Colómba Falûmbus) a rrive; hen-
chaftihches (Fringllla coe'lebs) congregate, and p repare
for migration, leaving their males in this
country.
Thirdweek : the snipe (Scólopax Gallinàgo) appears
in the meadows ; wildgeese ( / 'n s e r férus)
leave the fens and go to the rye-lands.
Fourth week: th e tortoise (Testùdo græ'ca) begins
to bury himself in the ground, and rooks visit
their nest-trees ; some larks (/laiidæ) sing, and the
woodcock (Scólopax rusticóla) returns ; spiders’
webs abound.
2. Kalendar of vegetable nature round
London.
In the fir s t week : strawberry tree ( / 'r b u tu s
U'nedo), holly (Tlex /quifòlium), China hollyhock
(/Ith se 'a chinénsis), and China aster (Callistémma
ehinénse), in bloom.
Second week : catkins of some species of salix
formed ; leaves of th e ash almost all off; of the
Spanish chestnut, yellow ; ofthe sugar-maple ( / 'c e r
sacchárinum), scarlet ; of the cominon birch, yellow
and gold ; and of the weeping birch, gold and
bright red-coloured.
Thirdweek: Clématis calycìna in flower; some
horsochestnuts and acacias quite denuded of leaves.
Ì