the decav of vineyards; for, during the succeeding y e a r s , many untavourabW circumstances occuircft
and in narticiilar the great scarcity and higli price of grain m 1771-2, which induced many p ropuctors to
conv/rt t S ^ ^ cornflclds. During the period of nearly tliirty years from the commence,
ment o fth e Froiicfi revolution, prices became, from wcll-luiown causes, almost constantly lav o u rftle to
the agriculturist, and discouraging to tho vinc-growcr. The proprietors ot e x p e r ^
that time few irood vears: and it very often happened tliat the returns did not pay th e expense oi c u l t j
v / t io / S many in th /o p in io n , \v‘hich liad for some rime
was entirely changed aud dete riorated; and they were, ol course, little disposed to ( ontinuc a eu tiyaUqn
which allordcd so doubtful a prospect of advantage. It is not tftrc to rc , th a t ^
nnvion« fn f?('t rid of viiiovards of which tliey were tormerly proud, more especially as, during the retreat
of the French and the siege of E rfurth, tho vine-props were burnt, and the plantations m other respects
lirc'itiv d'lmiiired At th a t ncriod vino culture was in a very low state.
^ “ »nd in latter years, since the lall in tho price of corn, circqmstances
have become more^favourablo to their culture. New plantations, of small cor/fiSc /
nvule and manv nroprictors regretted the too hasty conversion of then vineya rft into tornfielc s.
Tliosc who hold out had the satisfaction of obtaining last autumn a iqrtunatc yintagc,
grapes were chiclly distiugiiishod for their superior quality, and in some in s ta t e s ior the quantity wh th
tlvey yielded. However, in consequence of unlucky events and ‘
cultivation is so reduced, th at our vineyards now scarcely occupy a
i n c lu d in g tho g r o u n d s both of the town and the neighbouring villages. In llciUiart s time the extent
of the vineyards must have been three or four times greater. i „r
Cultivation <f the lontcr-cress at Dreicnbrlinnen. “ ih e gardens h e r e a r c formed out of wlmt was
formerly a marsh, and they consist of largo beds appropriated to the rearing ot
trenches of diil'ercnt breadth, which are Ibrmed between the beds, and which
direction. Between the bods and the trenches borders of tu rt are raised. bord j s , whfth arc
uliout two feet broad, and in height above tho level of the water, from threc-lourths ol a foot to a loot and
a half, serve as banks to the trenches, and aflord the footpaths n c c e s s a f ttf t caftying on fhc
garden-work whether it consist in tho cultivation of watcr-cresses in the trenches, or tl c rei
id
f r í iS i n T o f the in the beds. The owner of a bed or a crcss-tvcnch may, according f t a rignt
establislied bv usage walk upon his neighbour’s contiguous tu rf border, and there perform tlie opcra-
t i o n r im / c s s a ? / R for tlie dillercnt gardens are in reality only separated from each other
by tiic trenches or ditches already described, and rarely by hedges, which are almost exclusively oonlinqd
to the roads running through Dreicnbrünncn, The water trenches b c tw c ft tlm beds have » twofold
destination. They serve either for tlic irrigation ol the culinary plants iii th« ftn g ^
production of watcr-cresses. T h e former are called irrigating trenches, and the h d tw w f tc f tje s s
trenches The irriiiatine trenches arc in genera! only about two foct broad, and irom one and a lum to
íw ^ fro t deep ¥ im l ? S f i n itoout from six to eight Inches of w ater. The water-crcss trenches aro from
six to ten ov twelve foot broad, and from one and a half to two feet d e e p ; and besides contiUning Irom
to C l v e S m s ’ S of water, must have iu a hundred feet of watercourse a descent ot four or
more inches, whieh is not necessary for the irrigating trenches. As the ''''^tft-c ftssc s thrive
ilowingand often-clianging w ater, tlm w¿itcr-cress trenches m ust be so lormed as to admit ot a suilicitntly
strong adlux and reflux.”
392. In Wirtemberg horticulture has made great progress.
In the n m l hUchen-garicn «I gtuUgard forcing is chiefly carried on in Dutch pits with flro-hcat
within andlinings of.dung without. Vines arc laid down from tho walls, and forced under trames , and
In this case, as throughout Wirtemberg, whctlicr in forcing-houscs against walls or m v u m y ^
young shoots are always bent in circles, to make them break regularly, i he shoots are also qvcrywhero
laid itowh flat on th e ground, and kept tlioro during tho winter by stones; or, m dchaidt of stones, by
spadefuls of earth, or by hooks. Tliey are soon covered witii snow, and arc Uius protected from the
severity of tlm frost. Pine-apples are cultivated extensively in this garden; and grapes, peaches,
cherries plums, figs, and strawberries are forced. The cherries bear three crops m three years, and arc
then removed; the plums bear only one crop, and tlm trees are therefore cliangcd every yeifr; cucumbers
are forced so as to be gathered in February; and asparagus is cut Irom the first week m November till
it is lit for use in tlm open air. Supplies of tlm alpine strawberry arc lurnishcd during the wlio c f t the
winter. T h e pine-apples are for the most p a rt kept m an opaqim-roolcd house, on shelves and s ta fts ,
like dry-stove plants; and carried out, and sunk in tan, in pits tor fruiting during summer. In winter,
almost every dkcrip tio n of vegetable is preserved, with astonishing success, in cellars, not only for the
kitchen but for planting out in spring to produce seed. Plants ot Phytolacca tftcaiidra are preserved
for the latter purpose, the cooks using tlm berries for colouring different preparations. Various articles
are preserved for the purpose of being taken out from time to time during the winter, and p anted in
pita to bo forced; sucli a i succory roots; knoll celery or celcrinc, for the eaves; comnmn beet toift m
loaves to be used as spinach; common sorrel, mint, and other pot and sweet herbs, &c. Larrots,
turnips, kolil-rabi, knoll celery, scorzoncra, winter radishes, horseradish, and all similar roots, arc la ft
horizontally in earth, layer over layer, with their tops outwards, exposed to f t c air, and suffered to
grow- it lieing found that they keep much better when allowed to grow, than when this is prevftteiUiy
? S u n g off tlm top below the bud. ' In th e open garden, in 182«, we found asparagms ni rows two foe
apart and the plants a t two foct distance in th e row s; the soil beneath wa.s light, r i f t , and foi r foct
deep and tlm shoots were said to attain a very large size. Artichokes were covered with wooden boxes,
whelmed over litte r; cardoons, whieh arc grown in large quantities, arc preserved m the cellars. In
beds wc found wliat is called blat kohl (leaf or blade kale), a small-leaved borecole, very dwarf, which is
said to produce no seed; it is propagated by cuttings in September and October and is recommended
a s being more hardy than any o fth e other borecoles. There is an orangery in this gaiilen, in which,
besides orange trees, are preserved large plauts of Brugmansfiz, ,9ohmum PscMo-Capsicum, pelargoniums,
Fúchsfíí', and other greenhouse plants, which are planted out m the open air during summer,
and produce a magnificent appearance till winter, when they arc taken in again. » , • i -a
Tlie vineyards and orchards in the neighbourhood of Siu/fgard have a beauty and singularity of whmh it
is diflicuft to convey an idea. They occupy the steep sides and summits ol singularly irregu ar mils ;
and as they are all small properties, each with its dwelling-house, vegetable garden, and orchard, the
effect is rich beyond expression. In many places the ascents irom one vineyard to another arc up steep
precipices, by winding flights of stone steps, which give an idea of extreme care and cultivation, nghly
cratifving. In some of tlm vineyards and orchards in tlm suburbs, belonging to individuals who live in
tho town, instead of dwellings, there are summer-houses, built of wood, and painted white ancl green.
These are so numerous in some places, the gardens being very small, th a t they look like) tombs m a
churchyard, and thirty or forty of them arc often seen a t oncc. T h e fruit trees, which are chiefly apples,
evcrv where border tlm roads, and rise up the declivities among tlm vines, grouping with the cottagcj
and the rocks, and crowning th e varicil summits of tlm hills. Taken altogether, Stuttgard and its
environs arc not to be paralleled on the Continent, for horticultural richness and picturesque beauty.
393. In Baden horticultiu-c is also far advanced.
In the kitchen-garden o f the palace at CnrlsruhG pines are grown in pits in tho summer-time and
removed to shelves, in houses with opaque roofs, and nearly perpendicular front glass, in the wintcr-timc.
About 300 ripe pines arc used every year for tlm i
extraordinarily good quality; and 400 a...............
tabic every weolt in the yea' ’
purpose of making wine, whieli is found to be of an
e aimualiy cut for eating. There are pines on tlm grand duke’s
. . . . ^ , T h e plants arc grown in soil composed of two parts of mould formed
from rotten dung and leaves, one part and a half of tu rf from a meadow, broken into small pieces but not
sifted, and half a iiart of sand. Fruiting is not effected in a shorter period tlian throe years. Figs are
grown here under glass, for tlm purpo.so of forcing ; but they, and also peaches, bear in tlm open air as
standards. There is a large winter-house, in which wo found largo knoll celery, kohl-rabi,cauliflower,
Italian broccoli ; red, green, chard, and wliitc beet ; large black radishes, scorzonera, parsley, locks,
endive, lettuce, lamb’s lettuce, and other articles, in large quantities, planted in beds of earth. Young
carrots and young turnips are grown all the winter, in pits covered witli glass, and protected from the
frost every night by straw mats. Tiiese articles, with young onions and leeks, arc gathered almost every
day during the winter for soups. Tlm varieties of kolil-rabi, borecole, und runkeî rüben (green beet)
grown ill this garden arc among the most beautiful that wc have seen in Germany. Mushrooms arc
grown in frames with boards instead of sashes, with dung linings, and under tlm stages o f'th e pinc-
stoves. The kiichen-gardcit of the old castle of ICttlingen is worthy of notice. It contains eight or ten acres,
surrounded and subdivided by walls of stone about twelve feet high, with rafters laid under tlm coping
six feet apart, and projecting on each side about two feet. These projections are for the purpose of
rotaiiiiiig rolls of strong matting, which were formerly let down fit night, and during severe weather, to
p rotect the blossoms in spring. Tlm walls, like almost all garden-walls in Germany, arc covered with
wooden trellis-work. T h e trees trained are partly peaches and apricots, but chiefly the reinette do
Canada apple. Trees of this as well as of other varieties of apjilcs, grow perfectly well in tlm open air
as standards ; b u t the fruit is found to be imicli larger when the tree is trained against a wall. In the
borders and quarters o fth e garden are pears en pyramide, and apples cn tonnoir. The most common
apple cultivated in tliis garden is the Hambourg, a large variety ot Calville, known, when shaken, by tlm
rattling of its seeds in their colhs. Tliis garden lielongs to a ruined château, said to have been built by
tho Homaus 100 years before Clirist. There arc about thirty such ehâtoaus, with their gardens in ruins,
all belonging to tlm grand duke, in different parts of the grand duchy of Baden.
394. The kinds o f culinary vegetables o f Germany arc tlic same as those of Britain ; but
the Gennans are without tlic greater part of our best varieties. The brassica tribe and
cdililc roots arrive at gToator perfection there than in France. Tlie po])ular sorts are the
field-cabbagc find tlie borecoles : they arc used newly gathered, and boiled and eaten
with meat, in broths or soups, and pickled in the form of sauer kraut for winter use.
The kohl-rabi, a red turnip cabbage, and the yellow turnip, &c., came from Germany
to Britain. The potato, kidneybean, onion, and lettuce, arc also in general use ; and
the principal gardens possess all the olitory and acetarious 5'egctables grown in Franco
and Holland.
StJBSECT. 4. German Gardening, as to planting Timber Trees and Hedges.
395. Planting, as a matter o f p r o f t, has been little attended lo in Germany, from the
numher and extent of the native forests. In some district,s however, Pomerania for
cxa.mplo, hiUTcn sandy tracts arc sown with acorns and Scotch iiine-sceds, chiefly fur the
sake of fuel, and cominon husbandry timber. Much attention, as Emmerich infonns ns
(Culture o f Forests), and as apjicars by the number of German works on Forstwissenschaft,
is in general paid to the management of forests afrcady existing : as far as we luavc been
able to oKserve, this extends to fllling up vacancies by sowing, and occasionally draining
and enclosing ; thinning and pruning arc little attended to in most districts. The oak,
the beech, and the Scotch pine arc the prevailing native trees of Germany. The celebrated
Black Forest, in the duchy of Baden, though oncc covered Avith wood, is now
for the greater part bare. Two districts of forest which .still remain consi.st, the ono
chiefly of silver and spruce firs, and pines, ami the other of oaks ; some of the latter
being of great size and age. A plantation of Phnis rùbra was made in the park at
Carlsruhe: the trees were in 1828 thirty yciirs old, and forty feet h ig h ; but whether
their timber is superior to that of Pimxs sylvéstris remains to bo proved. Tho Quercus
peduncuh'vta and sessiliflora arc here believed to be varieties of the same species, Quércns
Kobnr. Quércus pedunculàta is said to bo most abundant on moist ground ; for instance,
on fhe borders of the Rhine. In the woods of Carlsruhe, which form part of the forest
of I-lartwald, botli sorts produce cipially tall, .straight, sound, and durable timber. Tlic
oak grows at Carlsruhe with veiy great luxuriance ; and it is not uncommon to iind
leaves from twelve to fourteen inches long, and irom six to eight inches broad. A
superior variety of the 2’inus sylvéstris is grown on the Rhine, about Rastadt, on the
German side, and near Ilagcnan, on that of France. Seeds 4U-c sent to vai-ious pai-ts of
Europe irom seedsmen in Rastadt and Hagcnau.
396. Rows o f trees along ihe public roads are formed and preserved with grciit care,
especially in Prussia. The mulberry is the tree used in some of the Avarmer districts,
and in other places tho lime and the elm ; the Lombardy poplar is also common near
most towns of Germany, especially Berlin, Dresden, and Leipzig. Some attention is
every where ¡)aid to public aA'cnues ; and the highways being, as in France, generally
kept up by the goA'crnmcnt, improvements can be executed ¡ironqitly and Avith effect.
There being, in general, no accompanying hedges, and the trees being trained Avitli naked
stems to ten or fifteen feet high, according to tho loAvness or cxposiuftof the situation,
little injury is done to tho materials of the road in Avct Avcathcr. Tlio breeze passes
freely between the stems of the trees ; the traA'cllcr and his horses or cattle are shaded