672
íH .. UIS
f i i ;
■ i'i J I
708
;:;zi ruaSThSSli .1
"'¿Ts. G re ffe p a r approehe agrieola ( fig . 70S.). For this xnodo of inarching, te ch
is that most generally practised, the stocks
inarched mast be cither in pots or planted round the scion,
so that they may be romoTod as soon as the union is oomplete
Wlien half-hardy trees arc inarched, the stocks arc gcnually
in pots, but when the operation is to be performed on haidy
free-growing trees, the stocks are planted round the paieift
tree at regular distances, so as to form a circle, owciy altci-
iiate one being marched one ye.ar, and the others thcsneccod-
ino- year; so that as soon as the inarclimg has taken, and
the stocks have been removed, fresh ones may be P “ ‘od to
take their place. As soon as a convenient Pj“®® «“®
decided uptan in both the stock and the scion for « ®” » ®
united, a longitudinal cut is made m each J® ‘ ®
medullary pith, taking care that the cuts are of exa.ctly the
same size, so that the wounded parts may fit exactly when
t t e are idned. It is generally contrived tlfe the cut m the
stock is less deep at the base (b ) than at the summit (d)
""Tlo“ berbaeee. This is applied only to herbaceous v®g®ff ^
nnd bv'it Btaoif Tschoudi contrived to inarch cucumhers on gourds, love apples on
Ttato? &ta S is ¿orformed in the same manner as «S"“ L - « t e ’t lte
L i c S bes't whontoe plants to be inarched have attained about two thuds of then
; l n = e S = l i £ 5 = v S ? § mmmrnm
m mrnwrnmm m m i / m m i downwards close to off in a sloping direction close to the union ; and
» r ? » r d » o ? U . - d rep«ae!d wte
longer till the adliesion is complete, wlien it may he finally removed. In some cases,
however, tlic inarched slioot requires to remain two years, during the whole of which
period it should be carefully covered, to exclude the air from tlie wounds ; nor must the
binding be removed more than once during that period, for fear of disturbing the cicatrising
parts.
2444. 7'he sap m ust be in movement when the operation of inarching is performed ;
as if it is not, the wounds will become dry, and the wood will never unite. In spring,
generally in April, a branch should be cut from the tree to be inarched, and if the bark
is loose and can he easily detached from the wood, tho tree is in a proper state for
inarching ; but if this is not the case, it is too early, and it will be better to wait a
week or two.
Su b se ct. 4. P rop ag ation by G ra ftin g .
2445. G ra ftin g is a mode of propagation applicable to most sorts of trees and shrubs ;
but not easily to veiy small under-shrubs, as heaths, or herbaceous vegetables. It is chiefly
used for continuing varieties of fruit trees. A gi-afted tree consists of two parts, the scion
and the stock ; their union constitutes the graft, and the performance of the operation is
called grafting. The scion is a part of the living vcgctahle, which, united or inserted in
a stock or otlier vcgctahle of the same nature, identifies itself with it, and grows there as
on its natnral stem and roots.
2446. T he end o f g ra ftin g is, 1st. To preserve and multiply varieties and subvarieties
of fruit-trees, endowed accidentally or otherwise with particular qualities, which cannot
be with certainty transfeircd to their offspring hy seeds, and which would he multiplied
too slowly, or ineffectually, by any other mode of propagation. 2d. To accelerate the
fiuctification of trees, barren as well as fruit-bearing : for example, suppose two acorns
of a new species of oak, received from a distant country ; sow both, and after they have
grown one or two years, cut one of them over, and graft the part cut off on a common
oak of five or six years’ growth ; the consequence will be, that the whole nourishment of
this young tree of five years’ gTowth being directed towai-ds nourishing the scion of one
or two ycai-s’, it will grow much faster, and consequently ai-rive at perfection much sooner
than its fellow, or its oivn root left in the ground. A French author found the advantage
of this practice, in the case of a new species of ash, to he as five to one in point of height.
(C o u rs Com piei d’ A g ric u ltu re , &c., art. G re ffe .) The third use of gi'afting is to improve
the quality of fi-uits ; the fourth to perpetuate vai-icties of oi-namental trees or shrubs ;
and the fifth to change the sorts of fruit on any one tree, and renew its fi'uitfuliiess.
2447. T he theory o f g ra ftin g may be reduced to the following particulars : —
To g r a ft ................ o r u n ite J
o n ly va rie tie s o f the sam e species, species of the same genus, and, by extension,
genera jen e ra ot the
same natura l family. Unless this union of natures be attended to, the operation will not
be successful.
To observe the analogies o f trees, as to the periods of the movement of their sap ; in the permanence or
deciduous duration of their leaves ; and the qualities of the juices of their fruits, in order to estimate
th e probable advantage of grafting a fruit of any particular flavour on another of similar or different
qualities.
To u n ite exactly the in n e r b a r k of the scion with th e inner bark of the stock, in order to facilitate
the free course of'the sap.
To ma k e choice o f tk e p ro p e r season, and to perform the operation with celerity.
2448. Scions w ill n ot succeed on every stock. Professor Thouin observes, that the
historians and poets of antiquity have iin'itten, and the moderns repeated on the faith of
others, that every scion will take on any sort of stock, provided there be a resemblance in
their barks. Thus Pliny, Varrò, Columella, &c., sjicak of apples and idnes grafted on elms
and poplars ; and Evelyn mentions, that he saw a rose grafted on an orange tree in
Ilolland. The ancients acknowledge, however, that such grafts were hut of very short
duration. “ The result of numerous experiments which we have made,” obsen'es the
professor, “ proves that if any one of these grafts seems at first to succeed, they all perisli
more or less promptly.”
2449. C e rta in species o f trees, and ce rtain varieties o f fr u its , take more easily on some
stocks than on others. Sometimes tho cause is known, and at other times we are ignorant
of it. Thus the platanus-lcaved maple will not receive the scions of any species of its
genus ; the reason of whieh may, perliaps, be deduced from its milky sap, which indicates
an organisation different from its congeners. In like manner, the common walnut takes
with difiiculty on the late walnut ; because the times of tlie motion of thcir sap do not
coincide. But why certain vai-ieties of pear succeed better on the quince tliaii on the
seedling, and others better on the seedling than on the quince, cannot so easily be
accounted for. Such anomalies are frequent, and make part of the practical science of
gardeners ; of so much tlic more importance, because less subjected to general laws. (C o u rs
Complet, &c., art. G re ffe .)
2450. G ra ftm g may be perform ed on a ll herbaceous vegetahles w ith solid stems. Dahlia
tubers are frequently grafted in this country, and sometimes the stems are grafted or
inarched. BiU'on Tschoudi at Strasbourg, Soulaiige Bodin at Fromont, and other
X X
■iSih
i!}