I ?
t , :• !
f !
" P"‘ta “ of f«eo.y,
2471 S c iom are generally the yonng shoots of last summer’s growth and should he
chosen rom the outside lateral branches of healthy trees. Tho ¿.tsidc kt«“ ? ?
are picfeiicd, iMcause 111 them the shoots arc not so robust and apt to mn to wood as in
ted ra id drin 2 ? ' " A L r®,®o "-O“« as those which are at its sludo and diip of tho rest, huch .shoots arc uniformly found to bo thbea sbee, satn bde aurnedres r atnhde
o produce the truest specimen of the fruit of the tree oi, which they grew AiTxeeki?
to this lulc IS to be found m the case of debilitated trcos, where, of course the sdons
s loiild bo taken from the strongest shoots iu tho centre of the tree. The middle nait
éwhboeTLt orat -lhe /'™ “ ® ™Ad ‘Uo part of tlic tree ; but long sho“o®ts ,“ aonsd® egtaivpeecnia fUoyr
vhme tho scion is of a rare variety, may be ent into several sdons of 4 in or 6 hÎ to
if th ? ? r™ “® “ f"®“ “ ® fate® li®ad
2472. P re p a m tim o f scions. Scions should be gathered several weeks before tbe
season for grafting arrives ; the reason is. that experience has shown tfe gnaSè n l
mo suecessfiil y be performed by allowiiig the stick to have some advance ore. S
^aft m foiu aidness of vegetation. It is desirable that the sap of the stock should be in
husk motion at the time of grafting ; but by this time tho buds of tho scion if left on
the paient tree, woidd be eqiully advanced ; where.as the sdons, being gathered c-irlv
1 10 buds arc kept back, and ready only to swell out when placed on the stock. Scions rf
Th?’ 1 A ’ "‘L®/™®® f®® ®®U®®tcd in tho end of Jaiiuaiy, or beginning of Eebruaiy
They aio kept at full length sunk in dry earth, and out ofthe reacli of frost till wanted
which IS sometimes from tho middle of February to the middle of March Sdons of
O A i s ta 9’ a ftinc j (24S9.), the scions are used as gathered.
h d ? t e s’d ? ? S f f t l ’V ta -o , a strong praning-knife for cutting ofl’the
saT t e W ? A"™® J P®®.!“®““®®® «y til® grafting-knife for tlictcion ; a
dUrufttt -Agiaffttm; ?g ; fbi ?ist- nib iinds as lig“a tPu®®r®e's“ ; ®‘a®u d gr'»a>fr7in g-clayroioiis ; a diisel and mallet for
-474 G^a/imc/-c% is prcpaA’cd either from stiff ycHow or blue clay, or from clavev
/ B A ' A ™ “ ''« ''S ®'®®®fit° ?®®'t a teith p i L ’o f A s h S s ? Up, free fiom httcr, and a portion of out hay, mixing the whole well too-etlicr and
adding a httle water ; then let the whole be well iieaten «ith a sticd n An a Lot o. o te i
hard substance, and, as it becomes too diy, apply more water, at e v e d b A lL d ,g
t ove , and eo.itmi.mg beating it well at top till it becomes flat and .soft. Thfs procS
muot be repeated, more or less, according as the natm-e of the clay may require toAnder
1 diietde, and yet not so tough as to be apt to eraek in d.y w L lL rA s t a iL ft
should be several times beaten the first d.ay ; and next morning repeat tlk h A i ? £i
tAwoA oAr tAhre 'e* dT a p, or eveiy otAher day, at least, for a week, itr weAil-l abUe iimn epsr oeprere lodreifve ffoto,
use; obsei-vnig that it should bo prepared a week at least before it is used; bift if a month
the bottci keepmg it moist. Some recommend salt to be mixed with tlie clay and other!
t e ’ -?« A«-®“'®« i “ e ®«j®®‘ i>® ‘1®®®® ®“®®® being to p r eA t? e.ke«!
7 / / X Z Z / ' ’’ ‘" - « “ Pta"®®’ 'f wellfneoipoi-ated: f e i t
2475. T he g ra ftin g -c la y o fth e F re n c h an d D u tc h , Onguent de St. Fiacre is formed of
mnxed togethei. The proporAtio”ns vary, but there is gene“r■a lly more colaAyesy ;m 4atter »than
cow-dung, and on this aeeount all the Onguents de S t F ia c re L su b ic c iS serioA
o Z / t h T Z f A ? ! ™ ‘«'y "'®®'‘bcr, and thus do not
f r ? thè acte for which they arc intended, which is, to keep the wounded p.irt entirely
tiom tlie action of the air. Ilie cracks in tlie clay also serve as a nest to various kiruls
of insects particukarly to the woolly aphis, which in young apple trees is frequently
found to luree commenced its ravages close to the g/aft. Oi/üiis aecoAt thé ¿ S
g“ ;7 ®®c®s now gcneraliy prefer what they call mastic à greffer, or graftiiig-wax
sT hu ?Z tfZ ?t e1 fttaZ. tbi®T ®BtotaA.ls /oAf wi h- i ch are given in th''e" 'of®ir's®t “ed'tilt'ioorns mofe nMtiiolnle rre’ss iDnoieuts
and A eo? A f L® and dchcate trees, as cmncllia,s, daphnes, &c. j
'"ré P>‘®b. P‘t®l® “I'd t“llo®D tallow and oil, or a compound of
A r A t e Î t e ? ? ’ f ''“T ’’-" «’'¥ ™«®®’ “ g®‘«®>'. “®’d afterwards heated Jwanted ; 110 being taken not to ajiply it too hot. A coating laid on with a brush, to the depth
tthhaat tw'«h?en 't;!h' e ffu pll ’hl eat of summe™i- arrives, tlie composition melts ®a'“w7a yi “o®f ®idt.s iotw in® aacdcdo«rdd
This last creumstanee, we must confess, appears«, suffieient ai-gu.nent agateJts Ac'
smoc Its removal must depend on the weather, and not on the state of the graft. W c
have seen its use in Italy attended by such consequences. D. Powel, Esq. spreads it
on shreds of brown paper, wraps these round tho grait, and over them some bast-ties.
( Ifo r t. T ra n s ., vol. v. p. 282.)
2477. T he Fren c h g ra ftin g -w a x (m astic a g re ffe r) is generally composed of pitch,
wax, suet or tallow, and sifted ashes, in the following proportions, supposing the whole
to weigh 100 lbs.:
Black pitch
Burgundy pitch -
Yellow wax
Suet or tallow
Sifted ashes
- 28
- 28
- 16
- 14
- 14
100
The mixture, when it is to be used, is warmed sufficiently to make it litpiid without being
so hot as to injure the texture of the branch ; and the French gardeners have a small
movable fui-nace provided for the puiqiosc. ( I ) u B re u iV s C ours (T A rb oricu lture , p. 132.)
2478. Sub stitutes f o r g ra ftin g -w a x . The best of these is the gutta pcrclia, applied in
a liquid state, by means of a brush, in the same manner as the grafting-wax.
2479. T he use o f compositions f o r covering g ra fts is threefold ; 1st. To prevent the extravasation
of the sap from the wounds ; 2nd. The too sudden diying of the wood ; ancl,
3(1. The introduction of rain-water into the wound or cleft. It is evident, therefore, that
whatever sort of clay or coating is adopted, much will depend on its immediate ap[)lica-
tion; and instantaneous repair, wherever it cracks or faUs off. In addition to claying,
some nurserymen cover the clay with a coating of moss, to preserve a moderate dcgi-ec of
moistiu-e and tenacity; and others, in the case of dwarf-trccs grafted close to the ground,
earth up the grafts for the same purpose.- Tlicse practices suit particular cases, but ai-e
not gcneraliy necessaiy. Earthing np is one of the best accompaniments to claying, and
shoiUd seldom be omitted when it can be adopted.
Su b se ct. 5. P ro p a g ation by B ud d ing .
2480. B ud d ing , or g ra ftin g by gems or eyes, consists, in ligneous plants, in taking an
eye or bud attached to a portion of the bai’k, of different sizes and forms, and generally
called a shield, and transporting it to a place in another, or a different ligneous vegetable.
In herbaceous vegetables the same operation may be perfoi’med, but with less success.
It may also be performed with buds of two or three years’ standing, and on trees of
considerable size ; but not generally so. The olijcct in view in budding is almost always
that of grafting, and depends on the same princiidc ; all the difference between a bud and
a scion being, that a bud is a shoot, or scion, iu embryo. In all other respects, budding
is conducted on the same principles as grafting.
2481. A new ap p lication o f budding has been made by Knight. It is that of trans-
fcn’ing “ a part of the abundant blossora-buds from one tree to the barren branches of
others.” lie tried this first on roses, and aftenvards on the pcar and peach, with much
success. In this way also he considers that fruit might be produced on ycaiiiiig trees,
not as matter of utility (as in supplying barren trees with blossom-buds), but as a curious
experiment.
2482. Advantages o f budding. Budded trees are generally two years later in producing
their fruit than grafted ones; but the advantage of budding is, that where a tree is rare,
a new plant can be got from every eye, whereas by grafting it can only be got from every
three or fom’ eyes. There are also trees which propagate much more readily by budding
than by grafting; and others, as most of tlie stone-fruits, are apt to throw out gum when
grafted. When grafting has been omitted or has failed in spring, budding comes in as
an auxdiaiy in summer.
2483. Season o f budding. The operation of common budding is performed any time
from the beginning of July to the middle of August; the criterion being the formation
of the buds in the axillse of the leaves of the present year. The buds are known to be ready
by the shield or portion of bark, to which they arc attached, easily parting ivith the wood.
Tlie buds preferred arc generally those on the middle of a young shoot, as being neither
so apt to run to wood as those at the extremity, nor so apt to lie dormant as those at the
lower end. In some cases, however, the buds from the middle and extremity of the shoots
arc to be rejected, and those taken which are at the base of tlie annual shoots, as Knight
(H o rt. T ra n s ., vol. iii. p. 135.) found in the case of the walnut tree. Scidlop-budding
may be performed in spring, or at any season.
2484. Stocks f o r budding may, in general, be much smaller than for grafting, as the
operation may be performed on the same ycai’’s shoot. But it may also be performed on
shoots or stems of several years’ growth ; and in such, by inserting a number of buds, a
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